The Influence of the Greeks on American Democracy ?Tyranny is the rule of one man to the advantage of the ruler, oligarchy to the advantage of the rich, democracy to the advantage of the poor.? -Aristotle Democracy: a form of government that makes political decisions directly exercised by the whole body of citizens, under procedures of majority rule. This type of democracy is know as a direct democracy, however the form of government that citizens exercise the same right not in person but through elected representatives is known as a representative democracy. Today in the United States of America we have a representative democracy in which we appoint ?representatives? through election. The founders of democracy in Athens exercised decisions through a direct democracy in which all male citizens were allowed to have direct influence on the decisions. Although in the United States today we accept democracy as a form of life it had its early beginnings in the city-states of Ancient Greece. The form of government known as democracy had its early roots in Ancient Greece but its influence has a direct connection with the type of government we have today in the United States.
The Essay on Democracy Governments Democratic Representatives
... presidential leadership. We elect our President and representatives ... modern governments lie on a scale somewhere between direct democracy and socialism. Most are some form of indirect democracy. The United States is an indirect democracy with ...
The Greek city-states of antiquity did not always live a lifestyle with the cooperation of democracy. The civilizations of Greece passed through many stages of government. In the 8th and 7th centuries the government was known as an oligarchy. An oligarchy is the rule of the city-state by a selected few usually consisting of wealthy landowners. These representatives made decisions based on their own ideals without the consideration of the people. Decisions were made not with the interest of the majority but with the interests of the few. Since the oligarchy was primarily run by wealthy landowners, the interests of the poor were often ignored. However, tensions began to arise between these wealthy landowners which left the majority of the public in a state of discontent and fury. This discontent of the majority of the people made way for the form of government called a tyranny. A tyranny is known as one man who seizes absolute power of the city-states. In Greek civilizations a tyranny is someone who seizes power of the King without proper royal descent. The citizens accepted the change because it provided them with inspiration that was lost during the tensions arising within the oligarchy.
(MacLaren, 80) The tyrants of the Greek civilization flourished during the 7th century because of their ability to introduce this new form of governing. The tyrants appealed to the citizens because they displayed themselves as military innovators or entrepreneurs who united their economic dominance into a new form of political power unseen in the past. Many tyrants of the Greek culture, similar to the those of the oligarchy, had incredible wealth. Two idealistic tyrants were Croesus and Polycrates whom were above their fellow people with their extreme amount of wealth. Blinded to their individualistic motives, the Greek people accepted many powers of which the tyrant awarded himself. Tyrants were able to award their friends and punish their enemies in any way they wished, and possessed nearly an unlimited sexual freedom. (McGlew, 26) ?To the tyrant his rule is a blessing; to the city it is a curse. And in each case the reason is the same: the tyrant can do what he pleases.? (McGlew quoting Connor, 26) Herodotus notes many acts of sexual freedom among tyrants in his works. Periander had relations with his deceased wife while Cambyses participated in incest with his own sister.
The Essay on Lincoln Nebraska State City University
Lincoln, Nebraska The city of Lincoln is the capital of the Cornhuskers State, Nebraska. Lincoln is located in the southeastern part of the state, about 60 miles (100 kilometers) southwest of Omaha. It lies in a shallow basin about 1, 160 feet (355 meters) above sea level. Salt Creek and its tributaries thread through the basin. Lincoln serves as a center for educational, cultural, and religious ...
The philosopher Plato records such acts of sexual freedom when he writes of the tyrant, Gyges, who wore a magical ring. The ring provided him with the power ?to take without fear whatever he desires from the agora, go into any house and sleep with whomever he wishes, kill or release from bonds whomever he wants and do other things that gods do to men.? (McGlew 26) The tyrants of antiquity acted in their own interests without the consulting of others. Aristotle represents ?tyranny in Politics as a ?perversion? that serves the personal advantages of the ruler alone, or a ?despotic monarchy of the political community? or a, ?despotic rule conducted according to the ruler?s personal judgement.?? (McGlew, 27) The ability of a tyrant to have complete control over a city-state created an image within the eyes of the citizens as a character of horror. Thus, the power and vision of a tyrant often led him to being overthrown which ultimately led to the establishment of a democracy within the Greek city-states. The overthrowing of a tyrant was a logical conclusion to of his own self-representation, and the ability of his subjects to show resistance against him. When people revolted against their master?s power they did so to not to simply destroy power of the tyrant but to appropriate the power in their own interests.
(McGlew, 5) The citizens of Athens devised a plan to overthrow the tyranny that haunted the city-state by making their own constitution. The Athenians insisted that power could only remain in the middle if citizens were political equals. (McGlew, 149) The novel idea of having the citizens be political equals was the motive behind the creation of the democracy in the Greek city-states. The Athenians are credited the ?inventors? of democratic liberties and were renowned for their great love of political and personal freedom. In Athens there was an equilibrium reached between the centralizing and unifying ideals of individual and sate, and freedom and order. In Athens new democratic state there was cooperation between individual freedom and authority of the state unseen in the past forms of government. The new freedoms extended to include all parts of society including social, economic, ethical, religious, judicial, and political freedoms. The freedom that occurred in 5th century of Athens was one mainly of self-determination, independence, and self-sufficiency. People lifestyles had changed from the tyrannical ways of dominance to the freedom of living undisciplined without the control of anybody.
The Essay on Pericles 2 Athens Athenian Government
Pericles, a Greek Statesman, was the leader of the Athenian government for 30 years (Age of Pericles). Pericles was born into a noble family in Athens. His mother was a niece of Cleisthenes, a statesman who had made many democratic reforms in the Athenian government. After Cleisthenes death Pericles was determined to continue the reforms of his great-uncle and entered politics with the democratic ...
(Els, 7-8) As first an experiment in rule by and for the people, a democracy was something new in a culture full of traditions of absolutists, tyrannical, and oligarchic forms of government. Democracy meant strength, the authority, and the exercise of power and control by the citizens who belonged to the community of the state. This included all people of the state regardless of class, rank, standing or wealth. The control of the state was in the hands of the people and decisions of the state were reached by the mass of people. Democracy represented a form of political life of the self-governing and included every citizen of the city. In comparison to other form of ancient government a greater amount of the Athenian population were citizens with full political rights allowing more people to take part in the full scale of civic activity. The most important aspect of a citizen was that both parents were citizens but also extended to include distinctions such as birth of constitutional classes and military and socio-economic groups. In modern standards, the Athenian democracy was still exclusive, but in a time-period when no group of citizens could be excluded from political rights was unknown. Athenian democracy functioned within the limits of an exclusive relationship and freedom but political rights were reserved for the male citizen.
Within the Athenian democracy there was no separation of class, even the lowest and poorest citizen shared in freedom and power of the government. People argue that since a majority of the population was part of the lower class that a democracy favored and benefited the poor the most. With this new right, many citizens took an active part in their state affairs and ruled. The citizens were using their political power and rights personally without the ability of representatives making decisions on their behalf. Aristotle proves the difference between old forms of government and the new democracy in his writing in Politics.(1279b34-80a4) ?The argument seems to show that a number of the governing body, whether small in oligarchy or large in a democracy, is an accident du to the fact that the rich everywhere are few, and the poor numerous. Therefore?the real difference between democracy and oligarchy is poverty and wealth. Wherever men rule by reason of their wealth, whether they be few or many, that is an oligarchy, and where the poor rule, that is a democracy.? The Athenian democracy was a stable and well-functioning state that guaranteed law, order, and government. Individuals were able to shape their lives according to personal choice.
The Essay on Democracy People Indian Government
Democracy may be a word familiar to most, but still I would like to mention the fact that demos means pertaining to people and k ratios means to rule. Thus this word original coined by the Greeks means rule of people as a whole and not by an individual or a privileged soul. It is a concept still misunderstood and misused in some parts of the world where totalitarian regimes and dictatorships have ...
Although the Greeks are often credited with the discovering of democracy, people often overlook their direct connection with formulation of politics. Politics is the art of reaching decisions by public discussion and then of obeying those decisions as a necessary condition of civilized social existence. (Finley, 13) Politics is the act of reaching decisions by public majority. The Greek representation of politics was the Assembly. Athenian democracy was a direct representation of the values of the citizens. Attendance in the Assembly was open to every citizen that represented a government literally ?by the people.? The Assembly, which had the final decision on war and peace, treaties, finance, legislation, public works, or on any governmental activity, was an outdoor mass meeting of as many thousands of citizens over the age of eighteen who chose to attend on any given day. The Assembly met frequently throughout the year, forty times at a minimum. Simple majority of those present, and everyone present was given the ability to participate by taking the floor reached the act of making decisions.
The administrative side of the government was divided among a large number of annual offices and a Council of 500. The council was chosen by lot and was restricted to one or two one-year terms, with the exception to the board of ten generals. The presidency rotated daily to prevent any type of continuous leadership within the council. By the middle of the 5th century council members and jurors were paid per diem, which was less than a normal mans pay for a mason or carpenter. As it entered the 4th century attendance to the Assembly was paid on the same basis. (Finley, 16-19) The Council of 500 in the Athenian democracy has a direct correlation with the legislative branch of government in today?s democracy. The House of Representatives and the Senate are councils that meet periodically throughout the year and vote on such issues. However, the House and Senate seats are obtained through elections not by lot or appointment. Similarly to the Athenian form of government the seats are rotated on yearly basis. New candidates are eligible for the seats in this branch of government. The Athenians rotated presidents of the council often to avoid the usurpation of power by a single individual. This is paralleled in our democracy through the system of checks and balances between the executive and legislative branches. The legislative branch has to keep the executive branch in check and make sure that power is not being abused.
The Term Paper on Special Purpose People Government Culture
The Five Themes of Geography Geography: The study of people, their environments, their resources and the interactions among them The Five Themes of Geography are: 1. Location 2. Place 3. Human Environment Interaction 4. Movement of People Goods and Ideas 5. Region 1. Location: Where something is located on the Earth's Surface Relative - Location of Something in relation to something else (Ex: A ...
Although many people argue that the leaders of the political party decide on important issues, however this was not true in Athens. Athens acted on the voice of the people. Not even the great leader of Pericles had such power to obtain complete control of the Assembly. While his influence was at its height, he could only hope for continued approval of his policies expressed in the people?s vote in the Assembly. His proposals were submitted to the Assembly weekly and the Assembly could and occasionally did abandon him and his policies. Although men like Pericles represented a political elite, the decisions in the Assembly were always in the hands of the people. Pericles had a strong stance on the Assembly. ?A man may at the same time look after his own affaires and those of the state?We consider anyone who does not share in the life of the citizen not as minding his own business but as useless.? (Finley, 25) The American ideals of democracy are deeply rooted within the Greek society. The American people however, feel responsible for upholding the democratic faith and feel responsible for demonstrating the ability of ordinary people to manage themselves in the affairs of the state and society. The basic drive of democracy is the concept of equality. Equality amongst all people has its roots in the experiences of the common people with the struggles against tyranny and oppression. Democracy is more than a form of government.
The Term Paper on Athenian Democracy Citizens Political Government
A Democracy is defined as a government of, by and for the people. Originally, democracy meant rule by the common people. In this sense, and even before the beginning of modern class society, it was very much a class affair. It meant that power should be in the hands of the largest class: the poorest, least educated and the propertyless. As a result, democracy was feared and rejected by the ...
?It is an attitude of mind to which the exploitation of man by man is abhorrent; it is a way of life in which human personality is judged of supreme, of measureless, worth, it is an order social relationships dedicated to the promotion of the individual and collective interests of common folk; it is, in a word, a society in which ordinary men and women may grow to their full stature-a society ?of the people, by the people, and for the people.? (Counts, 20) Today, the United States of America has flourished into a democracy more powerful, larger and wealthier than anyone in Ancient Greece could have imagined. One of the main differences between the democracies of Athens and other Greek city-states is that the people ruled not through representatives but directly. Power of the government was in the popular assembly that was open to all adult male citizens. Therefore one of the distinct differences between democracy in Athens and that of the United States is direct participation. The type of democracy in Athens was considered to be a direct democracy. All male citizens had direct participation in the actions of the government. The American democracy is considered a representative democracy. The people of the United States elect people to represent their ideals in the government.
The indirect representation democracy of the United States is used because of the citizens are believed to be incapable of governing themselves. This representation system allows for the administration to remain in the hands of those thought to be more judicious and more enlightened. James Madison holds a strong view regarding the power in the hands of the more enlightened as expressed in The Federalist. ?The effect is?to refine and enlarge the public views, by passing them through the medium of a chosen body of citizens, whose wisdom may best discern the true interest of their country, and whose patriotism and love of justice will be least likely to sacrifice it to temporary or partial considerations. Under such a regulation, it may well happen that the public voice, pronounced by the representatives of the people will be more consonant to the public good than if pronounced by the people themselves, convened for the purpose.? (The Federalist #10, 1787) Although representation is not identical with direct democracy it is considered an instrument of democracy. Making decisions by majority is a way of making the participation of the membership of a community decisive, representation allows for the ability of the individual voices to be heard and increase the likeliness that decisions are made wisely.(Cohen, 77) One of the key aspects of democracy is freedom.
Athenian people did not believe they had complete freedom unless they had the ability to govern themselves. Full equality in the Athenian objective meant that all male citizens had an equal opportunity to govern. If this was not achieved, the government would be run ?not only by the elite but in the interests of the elite.? (Strauss, 2) Wealth was a key aspect of the Athenian democracy. ?Democracy is not only majority rule, but a regime run by the poor and ordinary people in their own interests.?- Aristotle The ideals of representation have little connection with Athenian goals of democracy. Representatives rather than people themselves carry out legislation in the American democracy. Therefore Athenians might be likely to judge the American democracy closer to an oligarchy because the representatives are usually part of the elite class and the power is in the hands of fewer people. The argument could be that the Athenians created a democracy to put the power of the government in the hands of the ordinary people. Although the modern version of democracy has some of the same principles it is similar to the ancient oligarchy because power is in the hands of a few and for the most part the wealthy.
However an important difference between these two democracies is the amount of people in the US. It would be impossible to hold national meetings to come to conclusions on situations or problems, so the only logical way to make decisions is through elected representatives. Although this is only on a national level, smaller forms of government similar to Athens occur in smaller communities. Small town meetings are the closest comparison to the council meetings held in the 5th century of Athens. However, unlike the Athenian democracy the power of the judicial system is in favor of the poor and the ordinary person. Although the American judicial system allows for the interaction of the poor in the courts (jury duty), people of the elite class such as lawyers and judges supervise them. In Athenian courts the working class amateurs handled the proceedings in the courtroom. (Strauss, 4) Before Americans experienced the freedom of democracy, they were under rule of Great Britain that fueled the American Founders to reject Athens. The American colonies experienced tyranny under British rule so the Founders were reluctant to impose any type of direct government. The Founders, however held a set of their own ideals some of them similar and others vastly different than the objectives of Athenian democracy.
To reduce the chance of having any one-ruler gain too much power the Founders imposed a system of checks and balances. The system was placed to prevent any one person or institution to take complete control. Balance would occur between the House of Representatives and the Senate who both would provide checks over the executive branch, headed by the president, while the judicial branch would keep both the legislative and executive branches in line. Unlike the democracy of Athens, the idea of giving power to the poor was rejected. The Founders of the Constitution were extremely unwilling to give any of the power of the government to the poor. Their basis for this conclusion was that political excellence was unattainable without a minimum of wealth and education. They believed that ordinary people were too ignorant to provide good government. The Athenian ideals of democracy were placed in the favor of the poor while the approach by the Founders of the Constitution was completely radical. (Strauss, 4) Athens and American both prize equality and freedom. Equality in the Athenian mind was the ability of any male citizen to participate in government decisions. The Athenian assembly was filled with people of all different trades, farmers and tradesman, educated and uneducated.
Andrew Jackson paralleled this in his 1829 inauguration when he opened the doors of the White House to ordinary citizens who had been included in such a celebration. ?Country men, farmers, gentlemen, mounted and dismounted, boys, women and children, black and white entered the White House.? (Counts, 20) One of the key aspects that both democracies value is the Freedom of Speech. In the Athenian democracy every citizen had the right to address the assembly. This form of Freedom of Speech is insured in the American democracy through the Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights of 1791 clearly states the ability of a citizen to assemble peacefully and to petition and lobby their representatives in Congress. Although both societies valued the freedom of speech it is clearly stated in the United States. Another important difference between the democracies of antiquity and of modern is the people able to participate. In ancient times the only people who were able to participate were male citizens. Women, children, and slave were unable to vote at the start of democracy. Although in its inception by the founders of government only males were able to participate in the political aspects of life; we have transgressed to include all citizens.
In today?s society everyone has equal rights to vote whether they are women, poor, or a different race everyone has the equal ability to participate in government. The concept of democracy is not a new ideal invented by the Founders of our government. The ideals of democracy date back to the ancient Greeks. The Athenians placed this form of government of democracy because it allowed for participation by not only the elite but the entire citizenship of Athens. Although today our democracy is different than that of the Athenians or fundamental priority still remains the same. Democracy is exactly what it is broken down to mean, Demo means ?the people? and kratos ?power,? therefore power to the people. The ancient Greek culture has created a lasting effect on the type of lives we live today. We thrive on our freedoms of equality and the ability to exercise in our government. If the Athenians had not created democracy would we under control of an oligarchy or a king. Thus, the Athenian ideals have shaped our society to ensure ?all men are created equal.? Aristotle. The Politics. New York: Putnam, 1932. Cohen, Carl. Democracy. Athens: University of Georgia, 1971. Counts, George S.
The Prospects of American Democracy. New York: John Day Company, Els, J.M. Freedom and Democracy: Greek Concepts. Fort Hare University Press, 1977. Finley, M. I. Democracy Ancient and Modern. New Jersey: Quinn and Boden Company, Inc., 1973. Herodotus. The Histories. New York: Penguin Books, 1996. MacLaren, Malcolm. ?Tyranny.? The Greek Political Experience. London: Oxford University Press, 1941. Madison, James, and Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay. The Federalist. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1961. McGlew, James. Tyranny and Political Culture in Ancient Greece. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993. Mosley, D. J., and Sir Frank Adcock. Diplomacy in Ancient Greece. London: Thames and Hudson, 1975. Strauss, Barry. ?American Democracy Through the Ancient Greek Eyes.? History Today. April, 1994, pgs. 32-6.
