Computer Communications: Bus Network Bus Network, in computer science, a topology (configuration) for a local area network in which all nodes are connected to a main communications line (bus).
On a bus network, each node monitors activity on the line. Messages are detected by all nodes but are accepted only by the node (s) to which they a readdressed. Because a bus network relies on a common data “highway,” a malfunctioning node simply ceases to communicate; it doesn’t disrupt operation as it might on a ring network, in which messages are passed from one node to the next. To avoid collisions that occur when two or more nodes try to use the line at the same time, bus networks commonly rely on collision detection or Token Passing to regulate traffic. star network Star Network, in computer science, a local area network in which each device (node) is connected to a central computer in a star-shaped configuration (topology); commonly, a network consisting of a central computer (the hub) surrounded by terminals.
In a star network, messages pass directly from a node to the central computer, which handles any further routing (as to another node) that might be necessary. A star network is reliable in the sense that a node can fail without affecting another node on the network. Its weakness, however, is that failure of the central computer results in a shutdown of the entire network. And because each node is individually wired to the hub, cabling costs can be high. Ring networkRingNetwork, in computer science, a local area network in which devices (nodes) a reconnected in a closed loop, or ring. Messages in a ring network pass in one direction, from node to node.
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As a message travels around the ring, each node examines the destination address attached to the message. If the address is the same as the address assigned to the node, the node accepts the message; otherwise, it regenerates the signal and passes the message along to the next node in the circle. Such regeneration allows a ring network to cover larger distances than star and bus networks. It can also be designed to bypass any malfunctioning or failed node. Because of the closed loop, however, new nodes can be difficult to add.
A ring network is diagrammed below. Asynchrous TransferModeATM is a new networking technology standard for high-speed, high-capacity voice, data, text and video transmission that will soon transform the way businesses and all types of organizations communicate. It will enable the management of information, integration of systems and communications between individuals in ways that, to some extent, haven’t even been conceived yet. ATM can transmit more than 10 million cells per second, resulting in higher capacity, faster delivery and greater reliability.
ATM simplifies information transfer and exchange by compartmentalizing information into uniform segments called cells. These cells allow any type of information — from voice to video — to almost any type of digitized communications medium (fiber optics, copper wire, cable).
This simplification can eliminate the need for redundant local and wide area networks and eradicate the bottlenecks that plague current networking systems. Eventually, global standardization will enable information to move from country to country, at least as fast as it now moves from office to office, in many cases faster. Fiber Distributed Data Interface. The Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) modules from Bay Networks are designed for high-performance, high-availability connectivity in support of internet work topologies that include: Campus or building backbone networks for lower speed LANs Interconnection of mainframes or minicomputers to peripherals LAN interconnection for workstations requiring high-performance networking FDDI is a 100-Mbps token-passing LAN that uses highly reliable fiber-optic media fault recovery through dual counter-rotating rings.
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In the past few years, the New York State Board of Regents has upped the standards in all areas of academic study. While some of the standards are good for top notch students, other students who struggle, get the bitter end of the stick. This means that not all students are regents material, and may have a hard enough time trying just to pass. I am against the highering of the standards. Not all ...
A primary ring supports normal data transfer while a secondary ring allows for automatic recovery. Bay Networks FDDI supports standards-based translation bridging routing. It is also fully compliant with ANSI, IEEE, and Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) FDDI specifications. Bay Networks FDDI interface features a high-performance second-generation Motorola FDDI chip set in a design that provides cost-effective high-speed communication over an FDDI network. The FDDI chip set provides expanded functionality such as transparent and translation bridging as well as many advanced performance features.
Bay Networks FDDI is available in three versions -multi mode, single-mode, and hybrid. All versions support a Class A dual attachment or dual homing Class B single attachment. Bay Networks FDDI provides the performance required for the most demanding LAN backbone and high-speed interconnect applications. Forwarding performance over FDDI exceeds 165, 000 packets per second (pps) in the high-end BLN and BCN.
An innovative High-Speed Filters option filters packets at wire speed, enabling microprocessor resources to remain dedicated. Data Compression In GraphicsMPEGMPEG is a group of people that meet under ISO (the International Standards Organization) to generate standards for digital video (sequences of images in time) and audio compression. In particular, they define a compressed bit stream, which implicitly defines ade compressor. However, the compression algorithms are up to the individual manufacturers, and that is where proprietary advantage is obtained within the scope of a publicly available international standard. MPEG meets roughly four times a year for roughly a week each time.
In between meetings, a great deal of work is done by the members, so it doesn’t all happen at the meetings. The work is organized and planned at the meetings. So far (as of January 1996), MPEG have completed the ‘Standard of MPEG phase called MPEG I. This defines a bit stream for compressed video and audio optimized to fit into a bandwidth (data rate) of 1. 5 Mbits / s . This rate is special because it is the data rate of (uncompressed) audio CD’s and DAT’s.
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The standard is in three parts, video, audio, and systems, where the last part gives the integration of the audio and video streams with the proper time stamping to allow synchronization of the two. They have also gotten well into MPEG phase II, whose task is to define a bit stream for video and audio coded at around 3 to 10 Mbits / s . How MPEG I works First off, it starts with a relatively low resolution video sequence (possibly decimated from the original) of about 352 by 240 frames by 30 frames / s , but original high (CD) quality audio. The images are in color, but converted to YUV space, and the two chrominance channels (U and V) are decimated further to 176 by 120 pixels. It turn out that you can get away with a lot less resolution in those channels and not notice it, at least in ‘natural’ (not computer generated) images. The basic scheme is to predict motion from frame to frame in the temporal direction, and then to use DCT’s (discrete cosine transforms) to organize the redundancy in the spatial directions.
The DCT’s are done on 8 x 8 blocks, and the motion prediction is done in the luminance (Y) channel on 16 x 16 blocks. In other words, given the 16 x 16 block in the current frame that you are trying to code, you look for a close match to that block in a previous or future frame (there are backward prediction modes where later frames are sent first to allow interpolating between frames).
The DCT coefficients (of either the actual data, or the difference between this block and the close match) are ‘quantized’, which means that you divide them by some value to drop bits off the bottom end. Hopefully, many of the coefficients will then end up being zero. The quantization can change for every ‘macro block’ (a macro block is 16 x 16 of Y and the corresponding 8 x 8’s in both U and V).
The results of all of this, which include the DCT coefficients, the motion vectors, and the quantization parameters (and other stuff) is Huffman coded using fixed tables. The DCT coefficients have a special Huffman table that is ‘two-dimensional’ in that one code specifies a run-length of zeros and the non-zero value that ended the run. Also, the motion vectors and the DC DCT components are D PCM (subtracted from the last one) coded.
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Wow, Mrs. Nettie thats a great dress youre wearing today, said Merilee as she walked through the cafeteria towards the rest room. Not ten minuets later Sarah walked past the office wearing a dress almost identical to Mrs. Netties, only to be stopped by the principal Mr. Meth. Sarah was forced to change, because her dress was not following the school dress policy, Mrs.Nettie did not have to change. ...
