Computer Ergonomics In The Work Place Business strive for high production at low cost. This would result in the highest profit for a company. To many businesses, this is only a mirage. Thesis because the ‘low cost’ of the business usually results in a ‘high cost’ for the employees. This high cost is lower quality workplace items, lower salaries, less benefits, etc. These costs create an upset workplace environment.
Companies understand that the more efficient their workers are, the more productive their business will become. Although this will take lots of money at first, the result will be extreme success. There exist many different things in the workplace that add to stress and injuries. They range from lifting heavy boxes to typing too much on the keyboard.
This paper will be focusing on the principals of ergonomics in the computer workstation. According to the Board of Certification for Professional Ergonomist’s (BCPE), the definition of ergonomics ” is a body of knowledge about human abilities, human limitations and human characteristics that are relevant to design. Ergonomic design is the application of this body of knowledge to the design of tools, machines, systems, tasks, jobs, and environments for safe, comfortable and effective human use.’ (BCPE, 1993) In the average computer workstation, employees are prone to over a dozen hazards. There exist two factors that can prevent this: forming good work habits and ergonomically designed computer workstations.
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We will discuss these preventions throughout the paper. First, a few terms may need defining. Repetitive Strain Injuries (RSI) takes place from the repeated physical movements of certain body parts which results in damage to tendons, nerves, muscles, and other soft body tissues. If these injuries are not taken care of immediately, permanent damage could be done.
Few common results of RSI’s that were not taken care of right away are injuries like Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, Tendentious, Teno synovitis, DeQuervain’s Syndrome, Thoracic Outlet Syndrome etc. All of these are able to be prevented by the use of good working habits and ergonomic engineering. i Usually, ergonomically designing a computer workstation would cost about $1000. This expense could be eliminated by the formation of good work habits.
This is essential for the safety of computer terminal employees. There exist a number of precautions that can be taken into consideration when dealing with a computer workstation. We shall discuss six of them. First, the whole body must be relaxed. The correct posture is shown in Figure 1. Notice that the arms and thighs are parallel to the floor and the feet are flat on the floor.
Also notice that the wrists are not bent in any way. This is one of the most damaged parts of the body when speaking of (RSI).
Figure 1 The wrists, when typing, should not be rested on anything when typing. This would cause someone to stretch their fingers to hit keys. They should also be straight: not bent up, down, or to the side. The correct position is portrayed in figure 2, incorrect in figure 3.
Studies show that these steps are easier to perform while the keyboard is not tilted toward the user. When it is tilted, its natural to rest your wrists on the table. This puts the keyboard at a lower level, creating a more natural position. Another practice that should be taken into consideration is how hard you press on the keys. The user is not supposed to hit the keys. This may cause damage to the tendons and nerves in the fingers.
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Instead, use a soft touch, not only will your fingers thank you for it, the keyboard will too! Keeping in mind not to stretch your fingers when typing, use two hands to perform double-key operations. For example, you need to capitalize the first letter in every sentence, therefore, you would hold down the shift and press the first letter. Figure 2 Figure 3 This is a double key operation. Instead of stretching two fingers on one hand to do this operation, use both hands.
No matter what kind of a pace you are on when doing work, take breaks every ten minutes or so in addition to your hourly breaks. These breaks need only be a few moments at a time. If breaks are not taken at this pace, you may be subjecting yourself to injuries in the back, neck, wrists and fingers. Also, when using the mouse, do not grip it tightly.
Most mice that are used in offices today are not designed with human factors in mind. Some mice, like the Microsoft mouse, are designed to fit the contour of your hand. Although this may seem nice, it does not mean that one will be able to use it for hours on end and not feel any discomfort in the hand. Other mice, that will be mentioned later, are designed for comfortable use for extended periods of time. Try to keep your arms and hands warm. Cold muscles are more apt to strain and injury than warm ones.
Wearing a sweater or a long-sleeved shirt can be of great importance especially when working in air-conditioned offices. And finally, do not use the computer more than necessary. Your body can handle only so much strain on the neck, shoulders, wrists and fingers. Even with the greatest state-of-the-art ergonomically designed computer workstation, people put themselves at risk. Some people tend to use their break times at work playing video games. This is a good way to ease the mind of everyday pressure (to some extent).
This is also a good example of using the computer ‘more than necessary’. If a person needs to use a computer for video games, take a break every ten minutes or so, as mentioned above. ii All of these strategies mentioned above are things that can be done to reduce injuries when using a computer for an extended period of time. They do not include any type of ergonomically designed hardware. If employees form these habits, there would be less need to purchase any ergonomic equipment for the office. But, making new habits is not the easiest thing to do for most people.
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Next, we will take a look at how a computer workstation should be set up. The following data was retrieved by anon-line quiz from the University of Virginia. The first question about computer workstations poses a question about the seat being too high. This would cause strain on the legs of the operator causing them to ‘go to sleep’.
Basically, the blood flow to the leg and feet will be cut off. The next fact presented tous is that the top of the Video Terminal Display (VDT) should be no higher than eye level. This is one of the most controversial topics because it deals with the neck and shoulders. Some people state that it should be below, but not at eye level because our natural tendency is to look down.
Thirdly, the best viewing distance from the VDT is about 24 inches from the screen. This deals with eye strain. Some people worry about radiation that may be emitted from the VDT. Radiation is not a big problem with newer monitors.
Even old ones have a protective coating around the screen. This allows very few particles to go through the screen. Even if they do manage to get that far from the screen, the radiation goes inches before withering away. The eye strain is the important factor here. Look away at an object far away from you if eye strain continues to be a problem. The next question deals with the tilt of the screen.
If the monitor should be at or below eye level, it would be easier to read with a 10 to 20 degree back tilt. Many VDT’s have a tilt on the bottom, if not, a book could propped under the monitor to tilt it back a bit. Another question asked is about the height of the keyboard from the floor. It should be elbow height. As mentioned before, the fore-arms and thighs should be parallel to the floor.
This is possible only if the keyboard is elbow height from the floor. How should the lighting be in offices when using a computer? It should be a bit dimmer than normal office lighting. This is so because if the office lighting is brighter, there will be a lot of glare on the screen. It also has to do with eye strain. Noise in the work area causes fatigue. This may be true, to add to this statement, it also causes the computer operator to lose concentration on their work.
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Not only does noise affect our concentration and causes fatigue, it obviously can damage one’s hearing. Using this questionnaire, I conducted a survey among students at Canisius College in Buffalo, NY. The purpose of the survey was to test the knowledge of the student body as to their knowledge ofVDT’s and their safety precautions. In order to accomplish this in a professional manner, a random sample of students was acquired. In order to obtain a random sample, certain criteria must be met, too numerous to mention in this essay. Needless to say, not all of the criteria were met for the sample to be random.
The sample size of the survey was approximately 100 students. The results were not surprising. There was one problem with the questionnaire: many students did not know what VDT meant 1. According the survey, 100% of the people was familiar with what ergonomics is, knew how to reduce tension, what movement in your peripheral vision does, and what you should do if you should wear bifocal lenses.
This question posed a problem because of the way in which the answer was worded. The correct answer is very specific, and sticks out over the other possible answers. The rest of the questions were well worded and not too obvious. Besides the first and last question, there were a few others that were all answered correctly. These were questions eleven and twelve. The probable cause for this is that the questions were easy.
The answers were more obvious than the.
