Struggling With Subjectivity: A Comparative Critique of Susan Faludi’s”The Betrayal of the American Man, At Ground Zero of the Masculine Crisis, The Ornamental Culture, Beyond the Politics of Confrontation” and George L. Mosse’s “Toward A New Masculinity?” If identification and study of any current “generally accepted” societal belief, image, or stereotype is considered a difficult undertaking, to identify and place that which is “generally accepted” into historical context is a Herculean task. As one looks back into history, even the history of his / her own lifetime, there is always the matter of “individual perspective.” Whether knowingly or unknowingly, how and why one views an issue in a particular way is partially determined by a vast array of previous influences and experiences. From the first day one opens his / her eyes, he / she embarks on an intellectual journey. While some influences and experiences are shared, never the less, this is a journey which is individually unique. This “individual perspective” often leads to subjectivity and is why twenty people can read the same book and have twenty different opinions about what they have read.
Added to this is the fact that memory itself is selective. Quite often, what one person remembers is not what another person recalls. Even if they both have a memory of a particular event, their interpretation of that event may widely differ. What one may consider significant, the other may deem inconsequential.
The past is always interpreted through the lens of one’s personal and philosophical biases. Therefore, anyone engaged in determining what he / she believes Pfaff 2 is an objective identification of historical stereotypes must constantly battle the one-eyed Cyclops of subjectivity. Susan Faludi and George L. Mosse have each undertaken this nearly impossible task.
They have each attempted to identify the societal definition of masculinity within the historical context since World War II. It should not surprise the reader that, while both their examinations are historical, individually their subjectivity has taken them to divergent conclusions. Faludi concludes the societal definition of masculinity has experienced a drastic change from the past to the present. She states, “The veterans of World War II were eager to embrace a masculine ideal that revolved around [providing] rather than [dominating]” (88).
Additionally, she states, “The man [controlling] his environment is today the prevailing American image of masculinity” (87).
This “paradigm shift” from “providing” to “dominating” and “controlling” is one of Faludi’s primary conclusions. She also concludes: Where we once lived in a society in which men participated by being useful in public life, we now are surrounded by a culture that encourages people to play almost no functional roles, only decorative ones… masculinity is something to drape over the body, not [drawn] from inner resources… personal, not societal…
displayed, not demonstrated. (93) Faludi thus declares what she believes was the past definition of masculinity — providing, useful, functional, based on the essence of man, relating to societal norms of conduct and demonstrated in purposeful action. In contrast, she declares what she believes is today’s definition of masculinity — dominating, controlling, decorative, based on man’s appearance, relating to individually defined norms of conduct and displayed as an ornament. Pfaff 3 Mosse comes to a totally different conclusion. He concludes the societal definition of masculinity has experienced almost no change at all. While he admits to various challenges to what he believes is the societal definition, he declares, “the old masculine stereotype that long ago had saturated society still [seems] to hold” (120).
Additionally he states masculine “tradition triumphs over innovation” (120).
He ultimately concludes that although the definition of masculinity has not changed, the various challenges to it have “[given] the stereotype a greater flexibility” (121).
His definition of masculinity is extremely simple: “clear cut and fit” (116).
The Essay on Definition of Culture and Its Importance
Human beings are considered the highest form of animals, behaving passionately social as a group, using language and understanding, and doing teamwork and intergroup rivalry. Culture then relates to everything that humans have, think and do as a member of the social group. Both existent and make-believe, humans have stuff like tools, weapons, languages, laws, music, art, material resources, ...
By this, he means moral and respectable. The evidence each author uses from pop culture to support their views are quite selective. Faludi draws our attention to television shows like “Father Knows Best” and “Leave it to Beaver” to show that, in contrast to today, the provider was the ideal male in 50’s society.
(88) Mosse focuses on the characters of John Wayne and Humphrey Bogart as examples of moral and respectable masculinity. (117) No matter if their evidence is somewhat faulty, (I find it hard to see Bogart in The African Queen as a “clean cut and fit” image. ) it is inconceivable that they were unaware of both images of masculinity portrayed in the media during that time period. Yet, both authors chose only those images that supported his / her individual thesis and seemingly shut one eye to the truth. One wonders if they didn’t both have their minds made up and thesis developed before searching for evidence. Indeed, if each one wanted to be objective, he / she should have gathered the evidence first and then formulated a thesis.
It is no wonder that their conclusions are different. Another main consideration, which may have led to differing conclusions, was the Pfaff 4 extent of the authors’ definition of masculinity. Faludi is detailed in her descriptions while Mosse is extremely vague. It is easy to set up a difference to something that is detailed while that which is generalized may include many variations. Each author has made a subjective decision and chosen the type of description which best suited his / her thesis. Since Faludi wanted to show change, she used a detailed description.
Since Mosse did not want to show any change, he used a vague description. Faludi and Mosse, respectively female and male, no doubt come to the discussion of masculinity from different gender perspectives and biases. As a feminist, Faludi focuses on what she views as present concerns of male identity and the social problems that some males today are experiencing. She sees the male image as under fire.
The Essay on Linguistics and Change
“It is very easy to demonstrate to English speakers that languages change over time”. (Holmes, 210) Language is always changing just because of the time, the people, the gender, the age, the social class, etc. It is very normal to see even in a decade that language has change in some ways, it always maintain the original background but as it goes changing it may be that you won’t ...
Since she does not find there was a crisis of masculinity in the past, she concludes the image has changed. Her “male bashing” takes the form of a condescending appraisal that all men are out of control with themselves. One of the main suppositions of her position is that masculinity today is in crisis. If one does not accept her feminist view, the dichotomy of past and present male images begins to crumble. As a traditionalist, Mosse crouches his “normative masculinity” in the past. He discounts any alternative masculine images as unrepresentative of society as a whole and therefore not indicative of an overall change.
However, the segments of society that he cites as having alternative masculine images are relatively large. Perhaps Mosse sees no change because he doesn’t want to see change. Understanding each author’s perception as to how concepts advance and change in history, is important to grasp what they each believe has occurred to the concept of Pfaff 5 masculinity. Faludi views the advancement of concepts in history as based on large societal changes. She talks of large societal events such as entry into the space age. Mosse views the advancement of concepts in history as based on changes in smaller segments of society.
Therefore, the impact is much smaller. For Faludi, concepts in history change drastically because the symphony of humanity changes conductors. For Mosse, concepts in history change slowly because only a few players in the symphony change at any one time. Unfortunately, Faludi and Mosse have not been objective in their respective writings. Each one has allowed his / her “individual perspective” to lead to subjectivity. That subjectivity has clouded over the issue at hand.
Their individual conclusions are, therefore, merely well written opinions. That Faludi and Mosse have not slain the Cyclops is not to say that their work is unimportant nor without merit. They both raise issues and observations that are relevant and must not be neglected. It is hard enough to define what masculinity is today, let alone how that image has or has not changed from the past.
The Essay on Beauty The Changing Concept Of
The Changing Concept of Beauty In America, as well as around the world, women and men are bombarded by ever changing images of "beautiful women." In magazines, television shows, music videos, and all other forms of media, the ideal body type is transformed by the media and perpetuated by the consumer. The images have varied throughout the history of media, occasionally reaching physically damaging ...
Perhaps society itself is so confused on this issue that it sends mixed signals to those who would dare to define its concepts. Whatever the authors’ flaws, their divergent viewing of the concept of masculinity in the context of history as well as their conclusions regarding current observations of the concept show the issue is quite complex. At the very least, they have piqued our curiosity. Works CitedFaludi, Susan.
“The Betrayal of the American Man, At Ground Zero of the Masculine Crisis, The Ornamental Culture, Beyond the Politics of Confrontation.” Newsweek 13 September 1999… Listed in W 131/ W 350 Course Reader. Ed. Ted Leahey. Bloomington: Indiana U, 2002. 83-99.
Mosse, George L. “The Creation of Modern Masculinity?” The Image of Man. New York: Oxford UP, 1996. Listed in W 131/W 350 Course Reader.
Ed. Ted Leahey. Bloomington: Indiana U, 2002. 116-123.
Chopin, Kate. At Fault. St. Louis: Nixon-Jones Printing Co. , 1890. Listed in L 352 Course Reader.
Ed. David Nord loh. Bloomington: Indiana U, 2002. 17-85.
