Contingency theory is a class of behavioral theory that claims that there is no best way to organize a corporation, to lead a company, or to make decisions. Instead, the optimal course of action is contingent (dependent) upon the internal and external situation. A contingent leader effectively applies their own style of leadership to the right situation. In contingency theory of leadership, the success of the leader is a function of various contingencies in the form of subordinate, task, and/or group variables.
The effectiveness of a given pattern of leader behavior is contingent upon the demands imposed by the situation. These theories stress using different styles of leadership appropriate to the needs created by different organizational situations. No single contingency theory has been postulated. Some of the theories Systems Theory: the transdisciplinary study of the abstract organization of phenomena, independent of their substance, type, or spatial or temporal scale of existence. It investigates both the principles common to all complex entities, and the (usually mathematical) models which can be used to describe them.
Systems theory was proposed in the 1940’s by the biologist Ludwig von Bertalanffy (: General Systems Theory, 1968), and furthered by Ross Ashby (Introduction to Cybernetics, 1956).
The Essay on Leadership Leader Style Group
First off every manager should know that being a manager does not automatically make you a leader. "Managers are people who do things right, and leaders are people who do the right thing." (Handy 1993) The position of a leader can be developed in four main theories. The first being the traits that an individual has this theory is based on the belief that people are born with essentially a ...
von Bertalanffy was both reacting agaInst reductionism and attempting to revive the unity of science. He emphasized that real systems are open to, and interact with, their environments, and that they can acquire qualitatively new properties through emergence, resulting in continual evolution. Rather than reducing an entity (e. g.
the human body) to the properties of its parts or elements (e. g. organs or cells), systems theory focuses on the arrangement of and relations between the parts which connect them into a whole (cf. holism).
This particular organization determines a system, which is independent of the concrete substance of the elements (e. g. particles, cells, transistors, people, etc).
Thus, the same concepts and principles of organization underlie the different disciplines (physics, biology, technology, sociology, etc. ), providing a basis for their unification.
Systems concepts include: system-environment boundary, input, output, process, state, hierarchy, goal-directedness, and information. The developments of systems theory are diverse (Klir, Facets of Systems Science, 1991), including conceptual foundations and philosophy (e. g. the philosophies of Bunge, Bahm and Laszlo); mathematical modeling and information theory (e. g. the work of Mesarovic and Klir); and practical applications. Mathematical systems theory arose from the development of isomorphies between the models of electrical circuits and other systems.
Applications include engineering, computing, ecology, management, and family psychotherapy. Systems analysis, developed independently of systems theory, applies systems principles to aid a decisIon-maker with problems of identifying, reconstructing, optimizing, and controlling a system (usually a socio-technical organization), while taking into account multiple objectives, constraints and resources. It aims to specify possible courses of action, together with their risks, costs and benefits.
Systems theory is closely connected to cybernetics, and also to system dynamics, which models changes in a network of coupled variables (e. g. the “world dynamics” models of Jay Forrester and the Club of Rome).
Related ideas are used in the emerging “sciences of complexity”, studying self-organization and heterogeneous networks of interacting actors, and associated domains such as far-from-equilibrium thermodynamics, chaotic dynamics, artificial life, artificial intelligence, neural networks, and computer modeling and simulation.
The Essay on Some Systems Theories
... Living Systems Theory and Beer’s Viable Systems Theory. Systems Research and Behavioral Science , 97-112. Skyttner, L. (2006). General Systems Theory 2nd ... Systems Theory, living systems exist at eight hierarchical levels; (1) cells (2) organs (3) organisms (4) groups (5) organizations ... supra-system of which the system is a sub-system. The throughput of an information system may include tabulation, ...
