It was an American mathematician by the name of Norbert Wiener who first coined the word “cybernetics” in his book of the same title, which was published in the United States in 1948. It described the similarities in functioning of man and machines. He presented how purposeful and orderly the functions are as it seeks stability in the use of the information it receives. Wiener pointed out that one of the most fundamental characteristics shared by these two is the use of feedback, which, according to him, “involves the circling back of information to control a device to adjust behavior.
” Cybernetics, therefore is a study of control and communication in machines and animals (World Book Encyclopedia, volume four, p. 1204).
Cybernetics has inspired efforts to build machines that simulate human behavior, including decision – making and analysis of data. In addition, some theorists chose to believe that cybernetics has started a second Industrial Revolution. This claim has been supported by the fact that such machines have carried out more than the simple mechanization of work.
Since the 1940s, the influence of cybernetics has been felt in diverse fields of study. Its concepts have significantly influenced biochemistry, computer science and psychology, to name a few (Ibid, par. 1).
computer technology would not have been like what we know of it now, if not for Wiener. A mathematician and logician, Wiener had an important role in the development of high – speed electronic computers during World War II (1939 – 1945).
The Essay on The Turing Test Machine Intelligence Computer
One of the hottest topics that modern science has been focusing on for a long time is the field of artificial intelligence, the study of intelligence in machines or, according to Minsky, "the science of making machines do things that would require intelligence if done by men." (qt d in Copeland 1). Artificial Intelligence has a lot of applications and is used in many areas. "We often don't notice ...
He was a recipient of the National Medal of Science in 1964 for his contributions to computer technology (World Book Encyclopedia, volume twenty – one, p. 301).
When we talk about cybernetics, some questions that would probably pop into our minds are things like, “Is cybernetics synonymous to artificial intelligence? ” Or, “Is artificial intelligence about computers while cybernetics is about robots? ” As a matter of fact, researches in artificial intelligence employed the aid of computers to create clever machines.
For these researchers, it is the execution which could be considered the most crucial result. On the other hand, practitioners of cybernetics utilized models of organizations, feedbacks, goals and conversation in their attempts to figure out the capacity and limitation of any given system (biological, technological and social).
For them, it is the powerful descriptions which are to be considered the most remarkable results. In 1960, the field of artificial intelligence began to flourish as the concept of universal computation.
The cultural view of the brain as a computer, and the convenience of digital computing machines came together to paint a future where computers were at least as smart as humans. The year was 1940 “when concepts of information, feedback and regulation were generalized from specific applications in engineering to systems in general, including systems of living organisms, abstract intelligent processes and language” (Pangaro NP).
Wiener, together with Arturo Rosenblueth and Julian Bigelow chose to adapt a Geek word meaning “the art of steering” to educe the full interaction of goals, predictions, actions, feedback and response in systems of all sorts. What caused cybernetics to rise to popularity was when Wiener used it to name disciplines separated from, but still related to psychology, neurophysiology, biology, anthropology, mathematics, and electrical engineering.
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ArtificialAritficial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence effects our lives in good and bad ways; Artificial Intelligence helps us by causing less work for us to do. A down side to Artificial Intelligence is that it can not think for it self it still has to have some kind of person or other intelligence to control it. The advantages that Artificial Intelligence has are the ...
Since then, cybernetics has been linked to other established disciplines the world over. Earlier applications such as steering simple robots, designing electrical circuits, and aiming artillery, among others, in the control of physical systems provided the clarification of the key roles of these elements in engineering. Nevertheless, its connection to social systems and the other softer sciences was already been made distinct from the beginning (Ibid, par. 4).
However, most people get the wrong idea about cybernetics.
One reason which can cause misinterpretation of the subject is the fact that the identity and margins of cybernetics is indeed, hard to comprehend. For non – practitioners, including professionals from various fields, the very nature of the idea of cybernetics as well as the scope of its application create the difficulty to establish a clarity regarding its concepts. This difficulty has been brought about by the fact that cybernetics itself was never a popular discipline on its own.
However, to a certain extent, its ideas and perspectives has made its way through sociology, post – modern thought, psychology, design methods and other fields of study. Another reason for misinterpretation of cybernetics can be attributed to the fact that the use of the prefix “cyb” or “cyber” further weakened its meaning as the prefix are commonly used to refer to the Internet “cyberspace” of the robots “cyborg. ” Because of this, people gained major confusion about cybernetics other than the few experts on the subject itself (Ibid, par.
5).
Software for cognitive modeling, neural modeling, knowledge representation, intelligent training and computer – supported cooperative work has been directly influenced by cybernetics. However, cybernetics was not able to provide useful solutions to machine intelligence problems, not at any rate for areas considered to be complex in the metrics of symbol processing. Many fascinating artifacts have been created with an allure more recognizable to natural life or to the entertainment medium other than a bit of software.
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This essay will discuss the “modern family Structures” within society and explore the lack of any “normal” or standard family. Using existing sociology perspectives this essay will further discuss modern behaviours, experiences and life chances within a specific family unit and how they fit the existing theories. Finaly the author will evaluate the usefulness if any of these theories and how they ...
Cybernetics has once again made its presence felt in AI as well as the hard and soft sciences. However, this time, unlike in 1950, its contribution has been perceived as subjective. This is because the philosophical position of the subject with respect to human knowledge is restricted by our conceptualizations and beliefs. What the future holds for us now is the time when cybernetics can already penetrate into the creation of intelligent artifacts of the human brain or the even the nervous system (Ibid, par. 6).
In the year 2000, cybernetics has once again spurred interest. The weaknesses identified in the products of artificial intelligence brought experts to seek unconventional perspectives on the function of the human brain and the biology of knowledge. This time, the value of cybernetics is slowly gaining recognition, particularly in man’s interactions and conversations. There has been a rediscovery of the significant influence it has caused in various products and services, now made possible through the advances in software networks we have today.
These includes the design methods used for the creation of exact representation of goals, interaction and system restrictions. As a result, students rethink the concepts of cybernetics with a more open mind than ever before. They do so in an attempt to give another perspective to the meaning and contribution of cybernetics in the history of man (Ibid, par. 7).
Furthermore, a Cybernetic Revolution has been steered by the mass implementation of computerized technology that has happened in the not so distant past.
It is a revolution that transforms society faster and more radically than the Industrial Revolution ever did in history. However, in most cases, a crucial discourse on the issue of cybernetics, together with other powerful new technologies only happen outside the boundaries of sociology and conventional academe. The advent of comparative studies of the exponential rate of social influence of technology in the course of the Industrial Revolution and the current Cybernetic Revolution signifies a new transitional era.
It draws us into the realization that this new era would compel sociology to get back to its roots. In other words, sociology needs to stay fixed in the interdisciplinary and extra – disciplinary work to be able to deal with contemporary processes of societal development as it possibly suggest a new definition to humanity (Hansen NP).
The Term Paper on Sociology Of Deviance
Quit often in our day-to-day lives we hear the word "deviance , but never truly know the concepts behind it. It is not a complicated term although it is one with many theories behind it giving a vast variety of interpretations of just what deviance is and is not. Questions arise as to its relativity. Of course, no one can proclaim deviance is not relative, as deviance is behavior that does not ...
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