A laser scanning machine can be considered as a high automation reflectorless total station; by means of a laser based measurement of distance and accurate angular movement, a target object is sampled in a regular mesh of 3D points. To achieve a real comparison between the technical qualities of the laser scanning machine and reflectorless total station, the case of a high slots and in a vertical position, had been chosen at El-Khazneh (the treasury) at Petra in Jordan, where the use of traditional measuring methods, if not impossible, at least are very difficult to achieve. These slots are located in an inaccessible place beside ElKhazneh, on both the right and the left side. Until now there are no satisfactory measurements of those slots. There are two rows of approximately square holes. The problem of how to choose the viewpoint positions and the time represents important factors of the survey for those slots where the mountainous environment surrounding El-Khazneh restricts potential sensor stations.
To overcome this problem and to achieve precise measurements of those slots, we used a 3D laser scanner (Mensi GS 100) to build a 3D mesh model, and a modern reflector-less total station (Leica), which has the ability to use a visible laser beam. The two techniques, the problems and difficulties that arose during the survey process are shown in the paper. The obtained result of these two techniques will be discussed and evaluated. 1. INTRODUCTION A surveyor collecting data using pre-electronic techniques could have used the tape to take the measurements, together with a cross section for elevation information and quantity estimates, or the survey could have been completed using such polar techniques as transit or theodolite / EDM surveys. In fact, cultural heritage documentation frequently requires integrating survey data from different sources. Currently, the preferred way to achieve this goal is through an integrated use of different documentation technologies. Actually, partitioning processes and integration of different measurement and modeling techniques appear to be useful in cultural heritage documentation and representation.
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As a general rule, the greater the accuracy required the more time and money will be required to achieve it. However, a laser scanning machine can be considered as a high automation reflectorless total station; by means of a laser based measurement of distance and accurate angular movement, a target object is sampled in a regular mesh of 3D points. Meanwhile the objects that can be documented range from the sizes of coins or potsherds to whole cultural landscapes. To achieve a real comparison between the technical qualities of the laser scanning machine and reflectorless total station, the case of a high slots and in a vertical position, had been chosen at El-Khazneh (the treasury) at Petra in Jordan, where the use of traditional measuring methods, if not impossible, at least are very difficult to achieve.
2. EL-KHAZNEH OF PETRA AND THE SLOTS The architecture of Petra reflects the spirit of the Hellenistic and Roman period, where architects moved among different cultures to create high artistic standards in architecture in cooperation with the local tradition in order to achieve a new approach to the stylistic aspect. Thus, the façades are conceived as an independent screen set in the front of the building rather than organic and logical elements of the structure as a whole. What we see in Petra are some of the best preserved samples of late Hellenistic morphology often in an appealing combination of oriental and western stylistic elements. In Petra, traces of slots can be seen in all of the primary quarries. However, slots can be seen clearly only beside one rock-cut monument; El-Khazneh (The treasury) Fig 1. These slots are located in an inaccessible place beside El-Khazneh, on both the right and the left side.
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Until now there are no satisfactory measurements of those slots. On the recessed walls on each side of the façade there are two vertical rows of approximately square holes Fig 2. According to the available measurements as reported in literature, the slots start at 10 m above the floor, and reach only as far as the eagle acroterion of the upper order, Fig 1.The distance between the adjacent rows varies from 30 to 45 cm. The height and width of the slots range from 25 to 30 cm. The vertical distance from the base of one step to that of the next is approximately 55 cm. A vertical section through one slot shows that it has a greater depth at the bottom, c.10 cm, than at the top, zero, Fig 3. This rock-cut monument is the only one to have such cuttings in Petra. According to our measurements, the slots start at 12 m above the floor, while the height of the slots range from 15 to 40 cm and the width from 15 to 35 cm in the right side. On the left side the height also range from15 to 40 cm and the width from 20 to 40. However, the slot depth at the bottom range from 8 to 20 cm at the left side, while on the right side they range from 9 to 14 cm and at the top is zero as shown in Fig 3.
XXI International CIPA Symposium, 01-06 October, Athens, Greece
Fig 1. El-Khazneh and the slots beside the rock-cut monument. Left side On the left side, the horizontal distance between two slots ranges from 20 to 30 cm, while the vertical distance ranges from 15 to 35 cm. Meanwhile, the horizontal distance between two slots on the right side range from 20 to 35 cm, while the vertical distance ranges from 15 to 40 cm. The question as to what was the function of the tow rows of the slots beside el-Khazneh has not been answered satisfactorily mainly because of their absence in other rockcut monuments in Petra. However, the Nabataean masons cut their monuments from the top to down. Peter Parr suggested that these were footholds carved and used by the iconoclasts to deface the images of the statues at the building, and not by the original masons.
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The statues (animal and human images) are located in each outer bay of the lower order, and between each of the front and back supports on the upper order, Fig 1. Meanwhile, Rababeh believe that, the idea that these slots were used for scaffolding to any extent is incredible, for several reasons; the slots do not form a vertical line, instead the lines appear curved, and no two holes coincide horizontally, Fig 2. However, to the Nabataeans it would have been time consuming, cumbersome and expensive to erect scaffolding, especially with the huge number of Petra monuments (approximately more than eight hundred).
Rababeh conclude that, it is improbable that the slots which appear on the façade of El-Khazneh could have been used to hold wooden beams for constructing scaffolding.
