By considering and studying Modernization and Dependency theories, development theorist are trying to conceptualize which of perspectives could more substantially describe Third World underdevelopment. In my preceding work I will critically evaluate tenets of both perspectives.
The two spheres of dependency paradigm economical and cultural dependence are in my opinion the major contributors to the Third World, particularly Africa’s underdevelopment. As Olayinka Sonaike has defined, “economic dependence is a term that is widely used to portray the relationship of inequality between the underdeveloped countries and the advanced.” Economic dependency experienced by many African nations totally contradicts to the neoclassical theory of a harmonic among components of the global economy. However, in reality there is no evidence of such a harmony, in contrary dependence and exploitation of the Third World economies by the World leaders. Since many Third World nations are lacking inter-country market place, their economies are heavily relying on the economies of more advanced societies. This in turn gives Western societies a lot of control over the less developed nations’ economies. As the world capitalist expansion continues the robes of dependency are getting longer as well. What economic dependence does to the country is according to Offing “sucking of capital of the dependent countries”, so needed for the further domestic expansion. And this is evident in many Third World societies.
The Term Paper on Role Of The United States In Contemporary World Economy part 1
Role of the United States in Contemporary World Economy The United States plays a central role in all dimensions of contemporary globalization, which at its core refers to worldwide networks of interdependence. A network is simply a series of connections of points in a system. But networks can take a surprising number of shapes and architectures and vary enormously in centralization and complexity ...
The most successful manipulators was Western international conglomerates, supported by the government, they applied a variety of methods and techniques with a primary purpose of wealth maximization. Western nations, realizing their tremendous advantage in technology, and controlling the market for the intermediate goods produced from the raw materials and assembled, probably domestically into the final product, are externally regulate the level of resource utilization in the dependent economies, which in turn affects income distribution, social cohesion, and political stability. On the other hand, the export capacity affects distribution of National Income and the domestic standard of living. So, for most of the Third World countries National Income is determined and could be controlled by external factors. This is a one of the biggest pitfalls for the Third World countries on the way to liberalization. Another inadequacy of the dependency paradigm is a technological dependence “in which domestic technology is dependent on imported technology for its transformation.” This implies that external factors and decisions also determine the real level of modernization.
It is historically shown that besides from widespread violence, trade, and other factors, economical dependence plays a crucial role in the Third World underdevelopment, couse most of the major economic activities are dependent of the Western decision making, preferences and requirements imposed by them. However, realization of the full control over Third World economies did not stop Western world from invasion into the cultural concepts of the less developed countries. Widespread affects of Westernization are evident through out the Black continent and rest of the Third World. Cultural dependence so intensively persuaded by Western nations, in my opinion, has its roots in the very economic relationship, which actually forms the “economic structure” of a dependent society. As Uzodinia Nwala from the University of Nigeria noted “At the base of this social reality is the economic structure of a society”. Logically I can say that structure of society is formed by economic activities in a society, in turn, structure of society and social activities are reflected in the ideology of a dependent nation. Frederick William G. Hegel noted ”a system of ideas is only a reflection of mans’ social activities, not reality itself.” So, by controlling economic activities, and participation in the formation of the social structure, Western Imperialists can control the ideas generated in the dependent country.
The Term Paper on Japan’s Anime: Implications on Western Society
Anime, which is short for Japanese animation, is an element in Japanese pop culture that is acclaimed for its global impact. With origins from the manga or Japanese art of comics and cartoon pictures and now significantly contributing to film and games production; it is not only bringing in market influences but is also contributing significantly to Western culture. In this essay, I would like to ...
This form of dependency the most evident in the nations of African continent, and some Latin America nations. Western leaders realized that bloody invasions are not the way to dominate, exploit, and control the main cultural spheres of dependent society. So, they decided that control over “dominant social formation” will open doors for Imperialists to the “dominant mode of production and productive relations” in oppressed society. This inadequacy of dependency paradigm is crucial, since it reflects not on the elite class, but on the rest strata of society, making even stronger foundation of the their marginal status in the world economy.
Implicit control over ideological flow in the dependent society would aloud Western nations to influence, political, economic, religious, and legal ideologies. So, who is getting margined in the political, social, and economic world? 90% of the Third World population and corrupted political leaders of the Third World assist in all possible ways to the demolition of their native society. However, another powerful tool in Western arsenal is education. As Samuel Kojo annotated “Probably the most pernicious effect is the predisposition among educated West Africans to uncritically accept and adopt Western cultural norms and values as universally valid” By getting incredible assistance form the corrupted leaders of the Third World, west implicitly induces Third World population to participate in what they call “development missions”, which are actually diametrically opposite to what Third needs and asking for.
The Essay on Brave New World A Sterile Society
Cleanliness is next to Fordliness, was an attitude impressed upon the people of Aldous Huxleys, Brave New World. A society free of disease and suffering was achieved through a technique of conditioning called hynopaedia. Civilization is sterilization, was a hynopaedic slogan used to achieve the ideal society. This idea was manifested through the anesthetizing peoples emotions, the sterilization of ...
If back in eighteen hundreds Europeans used their guns and arms for penetration of underdeveloped countries, than now Western leaders are applying much more sophisticated and extremely culturally destructive techniques. In my opinion, aggregation of historical occurrences, and economical and cultural dependencies is what made and keeps Third where it is now.
Another perspective on Third World underdevelopment characterizes through modernization paradigm. From the various perspectives theorists of development are trying to identify what “differentiates industrialized and nonindustrialized societies.” McClelland, for example, claims that majority of Third World countries are generally missing a “need for achievement”. He states that “n – Achievement” will produce more energetic entrepreneurs, who in turn, produce rapid economic development” However, I think this is a misconception. There are plenty of entrepreneurs within Third World societies; moreover it was scientifically proven that Africans, for example, show exceptional willingness and openness to innovation. In turn, unavailability of private capital that is being drained from Africa’s budgets by Western multinational corporations, government controlled enterprises, and very low level of domestic investment is what keeps African and, Third World in general, entrepreneurs inactive. Another factor that effects Third World entrepreneurial exposure is unwillingness of Western world to supply underdeveloped nations with a most crucial ingredient of modernization – technology. Third World continues to consume western produced goods and services, reading western poetry, thus westernizing selves without real modernization. Ali Mazrui in the tele-series “Tools of exploitation” extensively described this phenomenon of “westernization without modernization”. Mazrui argues that even though, “Africans show exceptional willingness to adapt or change their institutions to the requirements of economic development” they are disparaged by the Western world. Mazrui shows the telephones that do not work, because Africans do not have technology to repair them, asking a question: “Where is modernization?”
The Term Paper on African Food Africa Africans Popular
This paper will compare and contrast the different eating habits and examine the cultural dining of West Africa to East Africa. Africans like most of the world outside of American and London aren't fanatical on fast food even though it is becoming more popular most people eat at home or at relatives or friends home. Even Africans living outside of Africa love to cook rather than dine out in most ...
On the other hand McClelland denies that three centuries of “Western domination of Africa” is a crucial factor in African underdevelopment. I do not think that his theory of “n – Achievement” can explicitly identify reasons for Africa’s’ underdevelopment. Since three centuries of domination and exploitation of Africa’s resources settled a social frame on the African and Third World societies.
Another tenet of modernization paradigm described by Bert F. Hoselitz. Hozelitz identifies that one of the factors in Africa’s’ underdevelopment is its fragmentation by external forces, which partially destroyed ones’ commitment to collectivity, which is highly valued in advanced Asian and some Western nations. Among other cultural factors that can explain very slow growth of Third World countries are prevailing racial and sex discrimination. In my opinion it is one of biggest obstacles for particularly African nations. Racial discrimination, especially in the school system is an enormous pitfall for the African societies. Moreover, Hoselitz noted that people are getting employed “not because they earn or deserve it but because they are selected for personal reasons.”
These are the key tenets of modernization paradigm. However, does it really capture the present relationship between First and Third World countries? I think that Dependency theories capture much broader spectrum of influences, such as political and economical, which explains more substantially the reasons for Third World
