INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINE. When a fuel is burned in air, the resulting hot gas tries to expand, generating a force that can be used to move a piston in a cylinder, as in the automobile engine, or to drive the blades of a turbine. In either case, because the combustion takes place within it, the engine is called an internal-combustion engine. Modern transportation relies heavily upon internal-combustion engines. All airplanes and most automobiles, ships, and railroad locomotives are powered by them. They also power lawn mowers, chain saws, air compressors, and other power tools.
The two most common internal-combustion engines are the gasoline and the diesel engines. The first is used in most automobiles. The diesel engine burns a heavier fuel and finds its primary application in larger vehicles such as ships, locomotives, heavy trucks, and buses, though it is also used in some automobiles. Almost any liquid or gaseous fuel, however, can be used in an internal-combustion engine, including gasoline-alcohol mixtures called gasohol, alcohol, methane gas, and compressed coal gas. History The German engineer Nikolaus A. Otto developed the modern four-stroke cycle engine in 1876, which-coupled with the invention in 1885 of the carburetor by another German, Gottlieb Daimler-ushered in the automobile age.
The Report on Combustion of Fossil Fuels
... to cause ‘acid rain’. 4. When gasoline burns in internal combustion engines, a very high temperature is produced, at this high ... can be minimized. Pollutants from fossil fuel burning in power stations and automobile transport include carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides ... photochemical reactions can produce ozone and other harmful irritant gases. The release of undesirable substances such as dust, smoke ...
Seeking improved engine efficiencies, the German engineer Rudolf C. K. Diesel developed in 1892 the engine that bears his name. (See also Automobile; Diesel Engine. ) Characteristics of Piston Engines Both Otto-cycle and diesel engines use many of the same components. The combustion chamber consists of a cylinder in which a closely fitted piston slides.
The space between the sides of the cylinder and the edges of the piston is sealed with piston rings, and friction is reduced by introducing lubricating oil along the cylinder wall. The up-and-down motion of the piston varies th volume of the chamber from a maximum at “bottom dead center” to a minimum at “top dead center.” The ratio of the maximum to the minimum chamber volume is known as the compression ratio. Typical compression ratios for Otto-cycle engines range from 7 to 12 and for four-stroke diesel engines from 4 to 18. The piston is attached to a connecting rod, which in turn is coupled to a crankshaft so that the up-and-down reciprocating motion of the piston can be converted into rotary motion. A number of cylinders can be used, each with a piston connected to the crankshaft. Four to six cylinders are normal for automobile engines, though cars with as many as 16 cylinders have been built.
As many as 28 have been used on reciprocating aircraft engines. All internal-combustion engines must be started with an auxiliary device that can be either a starting motor or, for large diesels, compressed air. In conventional gasoline engines the fuel is premixed with air in the carburetor, while in diesel and fuel-injection engines it is injected directly into the combustion chamber by a fuel pump and atomized, or turned into a fine spray, through an injection nozzle. The airflow into and out of the cylinder is controlled by valves, which are held in the closed position by springs and opened only at the appropriate times by cams set on a rotating camshaft that is driven by the crankshaft.
The fuel must be ignited at the correct moment, usually near top dead center. In the gasoline engine this is accomplished by a spark plug. In the diesel, where the gases are more compressed and reach a higher temperature, combustion takes place automatically as soon as the fuel is injected. Only a fraction of the energy of the fuel is converted to useful power. Most of the energy becomes heat that must be removed by a cooling system. Usually this involves water cooling in which the proper water temperature is maintained through a radiator.
The Essay on Fuel Systems Tank Air Pump
Fuel System sPT- 264 By: Bobbie Day 3/28/2005 In this report I will explain the fuel systems in an automobile. I will cover different parts and how they work. First thing to do is explain how the fuel system works. The purpose of the fuel system is to store and supply fuel to the cylinder chamber where it can be mixed with air then vaporized and burned to produce energy. The fuel, which can be ...
Some small engines and aircraft engines employ direct air cooling through fins mounted on the outside of the cylinder over which air is blown. The engine efficiency of an Otto-cycle engine is from 20 to 25 percent. This means only that percentage of the energy in the fuel is converted to mechanical power. The remainder goes, wasted, into the cooling system and the exhaust. In large diesels, efficiencies of 42 percent have been reached, though for automobile and truck engines the range is only from 25 to 30 percent. The performance of both diesel and gasoline engines can be improved if the air is pre-compressed through a rotary compressor, or turbocharger, before entering the combustion chamber.
Two-cycle engines. Both Otto-cycle and diesel engines can be redesigned to operate on two rather than four strokes. This reduces efficiency but allows for more power output per cylinder, as a power stroke takes place every revolution. Two-cycle units are popular for lawn mowers, small motorcycle engines, and for model engines.
Rotary Engines The first successful rotary engine was developed in 1956 by Felix Wankel in West Germany. Here the piston is replaced by a three-cornered rotor that turns in an oval housing, providing three separate combustion chambers. The engine is lighter than a comparable piston engine, but difficulties with rotating seals are possible, fuel efficiency is poorer, and pollution problems are more likely. Gas Turbine Engines While in a piston engine the air is alternately drawn in and exhausted, a gas turbine engine draws air in continuously. It compresses the air in a combustion chamber where it is mixed with fuel and burned. This creates hot, expanding gases.
A portion of the gases is used to drive the engine’s compressor, compressing more air to mix with fuel. The remaining portion of the gases is piped off, then is used to run gas turbine-driven electric generators, turboprops, or jet engines.
The Essay on Hydrogen Compounds Gas Fuel
Hydrogen Hydrogen is a tasteless, odorless, colorless gas. Hydrogen is found in group 1 and period 1 on the periodic table. Hydrogen is classified as a nonmetal on the periodic table. The symbol for hydrogen is represented by an H, its atomic number is 1, and its atomic weight is 1. 0079. The hydrogen atom consists of one proton, which has a positive charge, and one electron, which has a negative ...
