In the last few weeks of class we have looked at several different cases of disease outbreaks throughout the world, and how different cultures have diverse understandings of these outbreaks. Of the sicknesses we have studied, I feel that the HIV and Syphilis outbreaks stand apart from the others because of their massive infections in many different cultures and parts of the world, and also due to the fact that the diseases cannot be cured, along with the unfortunately high rate of death among its victims. When the outbreaks of syphilis and HIV first became present, science at the time was unable to come up with a clear cause for the sicknesses. People witnessing the diseases, however, were quick to assign their own cause. Unfortunately, most put the blame on African Americans. While Syphilis may have been introduced to the western worlds by slave trade according to Philip D.
Curtin, inefficient evidence is present to call this fact, and most blame when these diseases first became present were completely racially based. This blind prejudice led to an extremely limited understanding of the diseases. Many felt the diseases were so racially specific that whites were completely immune to the epidemics. Some even felt that Blacks became infected because they were inferior unchristian beings, and as being so, they were being punished by god.
(PBS/NOVA “The Deadly Deception”) As an effect of this logic, many more fell victim to the sicknesses, refusing treatment due to these beliefs. This racial attitude of the time also severely hindered the discovery of the real causes of HIV and Syphilis. Many years later, and after a very large progression in medical research, scientists have finally came to a clear agreement on the causes of these diseases. It is now obvious that there are three main causes to an HIV or Syphilis infection.
The Report on Sumerian Relation to Present World
Today's world has benefited from all the technologies and gains by the Sumerians. The rises of the cities (back then) are related to the growth in United States. We have a baby boomer happening every so often and it helps make progress in this country. The buildings are always changing to bigger and better things so I think we're making pretty good developments. People are all specializing in ...
A victim may become infected through blood transfusions or sexual contact with another, or the diseases may be carried from a mother to her child. These conclusions vary greatly from what was first thought as the cause of the epidemics. The incorrect causes initially found by those in early times most likely were based on a lack of knowledge in the areas of sanitary blood transfusions, safe sex, and the extremely racist attitude of the time. This lack of knowledge can be seen in what the diseases first became known as: “Bad Blood” (CDC).
While scientist have now found the real causes of the diseases, the apprehensions and blame-placing on these diseases certainly have helped cause them to spread just as much as all other causes, whether behavioral, social, or biological. Behavioral causes are helping to spread the diseases just as much now as ever before, through such things as needle-sharing and unsanitary medical practice. Also a high level of sexual activity coupled with a lack of knowledge about safe sex is spreading the sicknesses as well. Social conflicts may be the only causes that led to the apprehensions of the time. As many blamed the African Americans for the disease, the horrible conditions found through the slave trade system may have led to an increase in the cases of Syphilis and may have introduced it to Europe (Philip D. Curtin).
In any case, the racist causes put on the diseases in early times did much more harm to people than good. It helped spread the sicknesses, handicapped the scientific understandings of the diseases, and further fueled the racism at the time. With any disease, a very large part in how victims of a disease are treated comes from the cultural understanding of that disease. It is possible that even just how people talk and think about a disease can affect those suffering from it and the treatments developed for it. In the case of HIV and syphilis, Brazil can be pointed to as a chief example of how cultural understanding affects a disease. While Brazil was once one of the most heavily HIV-infected nations in the world, it is now progressively improving not only because of many well thought out programs, but also because of a changed perspective people in the nation now have on HIV.
The Essay on History Of Brazil Time Portuguese Web
Brazil was discovered on April 22 nd, 1500 by a Portuguese navigator, Pedro 'A lvares Cabral. The Portuguese thus came to colonize the country. At that time there were Indians in Brazil and they, the Portuguese, began catechizing them. Unlike the United States, Brazil was a colony of exploitation (something like the south of the US). Brazil's soil was very rich. In the beginning they extracted a ...
The country is very open sexually, causing topics such as HIV to become openly discussed. This fact helped Brazil’s president in 1999, Fernando Henrique Cardoso, to make an educated decision to stick with the AIDS program, deciding that it was a priority. (Rosenberg “Look At Brazil”).
Also, as with most other nations, the first citizens infected are part of the gay community. Unlike most other nations, however, the gays in Brazil were much more open and helped spread knowledge of the disease to others, creating a better common understanding of HIV and AIDS. (Rosenberg “Look At Brazil”).
While we can see that very positive effects can come from the cultural understanding of a disease, the opposite is also unfortunately true. The Tuskegee experiments are a shocking example of this fact. For forty years between 1932 and 1972, the U. S. government conducted an experiment on 399 black men suffering from syphilis. These men were never told what disease they were suffering from or of its seriousness.
All they were told was that they were being treated for “bad blood,” the doctors had no intention of curing them of syphilis at all. (InfoPlease) The lack of understanding and common knowledge of the disease led these men through forty years of pain and suffering. It is very possible that the entire incident could have been prevented if the topic of Syphilis and STD’s was not considered taboo at that time in the U. S. After looking at the effects that blame-placing and apprehension can have on a newly discovered outbreak of a disease, and the results of cultural understandings on the treatment of a disease and those suffering from it, it becomes clear that all societies must strive to establish a clear an unbiased knowledge of that disease. As important as establishing the knowledge, is it also critical to spread that knowledge to create at the very least a basic understanding of the sickness.
The Essay on Understanding Eskimo Science Knowledge People Nelson
In Richard Nelson's "Understanding Eskimo Science" a man, Nelson, traveled below the Arctic Circle in the boreal forest of interior Alaska were he lived, studied and interacted with a few native Eskimos groups during the mid-1960's. Throughout the article Nelson provides an abundance of interesting and relevant information about Eskimo survival coming about through the understanding of one's ...
Doing so is the first step in curing any epidemic on any area of earth. Works Cited 1) ‘Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.’ The Tuskegee Syphilis Study: A Hard Lesson Learned. 2004. CDC. 21 Oct.
2004. 2) Curtin, Philip D. Colonial Legacies. New York and London: Routledge, 1999. 3) ‘The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment.’ Infoplease.
(c) 2000-2004 Pearson Education, publishing as Infoplease. 26 Oct. 2004. 4) PBS/NOVA, “The Deadly Deception” (1993).
5) Rosenberg, Tina.
‘Look At Brazil.’ The New York Times Magazine 28 Jan. 2001: 26-63.
