EARTHQUAKES Objective: To define and discuss earthquakes and its effects. Earthquakes are a major catastrophe and can be a big threat to human lives. To understand earthquakes you must have a clear definition, know its mechanisms, be able to recognize the size and dynamics and understand its effects: I. Definition of Earthquakes. Earthquakes. Tsunamis.
Landslides. Volcanoes II. Mechanisms. Faults b.
Seismic Waves. Aftershocks III. Size. Strength.
Classification of Seismic Waves 1. P (compressional) 2. S (Shear) c. Logarithm.
Intensity IV. Dynamics. Statistics. Occurrence Sites.
Effects. Destruction. Building Code sVI. Prediction. Scientific basis.
Identify plate boundaries VII. Summary In order to define earthquake properly many things are taken into consideration. First of all an earthquake is basically defined as a naturally induced shaking of the ground, caused by fracture of rock within the Earth. The results of an earthquake are sliding rocks past one another along a geological fault. Earthquakes are one of the deadliest of natural catastrophes. In the 20 th century alone the average annual death toll is about 20, 000 people.
As a result of earthquakes tsunamis, landslides and volcanoes are formed. Tsunamis are characterized as large waves in oceans as well as sei ches, which are similar waves in lakes. Landslides are simply a downward movement of rocks due to gravity. Lastly volcanoes are hills or mountains formed from rock fragments ejected through a vent.
The Essay on Japan-2011-Earthquake-Case-Study
Japan is an island nation located in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia. Japan is an archipelago of 6,852 islands. The four largest islands are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu and Shikoku, together comprising about ninety-seven percent of Japan’s land area. Japan is a major economic power and has the 3rd ...
Earthquakes sometimes cause this. Next lets explore the mechanisms of an earthquake. Stress builds up in a specific area on the Earth’s crust to a level sufficient to overcome frictional forces resisting the sliding of a preexisting fault or to break rock and create a new fault. The slipping fault then creates seismic waves in the surrounding rock. Seismic waves create the sound waves in the air. It also carries energy away from the fault, first to nearby rock.
In hours to follow or even days many small earthquakes occur. These are referred to as aftershocks. Aftershocks are a result of rocks near the fault adjusting to accommodate the new stress levels. In order to understand the size of an earthquake certain items must be taken into consideration.
Strength, classification of seismic waves, logarithm and intensity are some of the main areas to focus on. The strength depends upon the area of the fault length times width on which the slip occurs, the amount of the slip and the inherent stiffness of the nearby rock. An earthquake occurring a 100-km (62-mi) fault is about one billion times stronger than a quake on a 100-m (328-ft) fault. Seismic waves are classified in two areas P-waves, which are your compressional waves, and S-waves, which are shear waves. These waves are used in detection and location of earthquakes.
Several thousand seismometers are in continuous operation worldwide. These stations record ground motions, detect waves even at great distances from the fault as well as measure arrival time of P and S waves. Logarithm of moment also referred to as magnitude characterizes the earthquake’s strength. According to the use of logarithm earthquakes are factored as one billion 10 raised to the power of 9.
This theory is used when working with small numbers. An earthquake that has a magnitude of M-1 is barely felt, and a great quake is recorded as M-9. Most reading are referred to as being on the Richter scale, which got its name from the American seismologist Charles Richter, who popularized their use. Intensity is judges by its effects on buildings and other structures. The Modified Mer calli Scale ranks damage at a specific site on an I-XII scale with XII being complete destruction.
All these things are taken into consideration when determining the size of an earthquake. Along with size, dynamics or an earthquake is measured. During the 1980 s 15, 436 earthquakes with a magnitude of 5 or greater were detected. However, smaller quakes are much more common. The largest quakes occur on subduction zones. These are normally located between to convergent tectonic plates.
The Term Paper on Earthquakes Surface Fault
... of the ground during an earthquake. Ground shaking is caused by body and surface seismic waves. As a generalization, the severity ... surface faulting are very unlikely, but casualties can occur indirectly through fault damage to structures.Surface faulting, in the case of ... fire alarms and sprinklers to go off during a quake. Earthquakes frequently cause fire alarm and fire sprinkler systems to ...
This happens when one plate is thrust beneath the other, sometimes sinking up to 800 km beneath the surface of the earth before being destroyed. Smaller earthquakes occur within both plates in a roughly 200-km wide zone surrounding the plate boundary. The very damaging 1995 Kobe, Japan earthquake measures at M-6. 9 occurred in a zone of crustal deformation near the Japan subduction zone.
There has been a lot of destruction caused by earthquakes in the past. The effects have been enormous throughout the world. Many deaths from quakes are caused by the collapse of buildings, bridges, roads and other structures, which are literally shaken apart by the violent ground motion. For this reason many countries have adopted national building codes with seismic provisions. The codes have been successful in reducing the likelihood of loss or monetary damage. Seismologists have been testing many ways to predict and earthquake since the 1970 s.
Scientist predict that an earthquake will occur when stress in the Earth at a given site exceeds the rock’s strength. Predicting large quakes along the world’s plate boundaries have been somewhat successful. The goal is to identify segments o plate boundaries that are likely to experience great earthquakes in the next decade. The successful prediction of the 1989 Loma Prieto, California earthquake measured at M-6. 9 was made several years prior to its occurrence. However today scientists are still working hard to find many ways that are more accurate and effective to predict earthquakes.
Earthquakes are an ongoing threat to many parts of the world. Understanding and prediction of an earthquake can prevent some destruction form quakes. The government has been studying the mechanism of quakes for many years. They have been looking at faults, seismic waves and the effects of aftershocks.
Also size has been taken into consideration. In viewing size, strength, classification, logarithm and intensity are observed. Along with size the dynamics of quakes are reviewed. The dynamics consist of the statistics and occurrence sites. Effects of earthquakes are a lot of destruction. For this reason many countries have adopted special building codes with seismic provisions.
The Essay on Areas Of Major Earthquake Damage Earthquakes Quake
... forces is generally what causes an earthquake. Tectonic plates, large sections of the earth's lithosphere, are in gradual, constant ... quake that can be felt, to about 9. 0, indicating a severely devastating earthquake. The Richter Scale expresses only an earthquake's seismic ... that at this point earthquakes cannot be predicted. Only through probability can estimation of an earthquake occur, and that ...
Lastly predictions of quakes have been and still are being studied as a way of preparing for this catastrophe. This would save countries a lot of money. Earthquakes can be a horrific experience but its something that can’t be avoided all scientist can to is try to find a way to prepare for it. BIBLIOGRAPHY Na eim, Farad Design of Seismic Isolated Structures: From Theory to Practice Wiley, John & Sons INC. , March 1999 Prager, Ellen Furious Earth: The Science and Nature of Earthquakes, Volcanoes and Tsunamis McGraw Hill, November 1999 Sigh, Kerry E. ; Levy, Simon The Earth in Turmoil: Earthquakes, Volcanoes, and Their Impact W.
H. Freeman company, July 1999 Simon, Seymour Earthquakes Morrow, William & Co. , March 1995 Thompson, Graham R. ; Turk Jonathan Earth Science and the Environment 2 nd edition Saunders College P.
