The European economic crisis started in year 2010, the first visible serious problem was the debt crisis in the Greece and then other problems have showed. But the main fault had beginning in inconsistent European integration process. The EU has chosen halfway solution of economic integration – they have accepted just common monetary policy without the fiscal union.
So from the very beginning of common European currency project instantly grew problems between integrated states, because unified monetary policy wasn’t convenient to everybody. Low interest rate (fixed by ECB) caused that some of the marginal economics have been growing too fast and on the opposite side developed economics have been growing really slowly. In the Spain low interest rate after year 2002 caused a boom in construction and Spanish economy became extremely dependent on this type of sector. The annual GDP growth was until year 2008 in interval 2-4%.
But the inflation rate was significantly higher than interest rates, so finally real interest rates were in negative values. Thanks to that in the Spain mortgages were cheap in that time and its demand of private sector was enormous. But Spanish banks didn’t have enough liquidity and had to use the external capital. Other inequality at market was showed when with growing price of real estate also grew its demand. However Spanish government discharged the fiscal criteria accepted by EU, they couldn’t control this irresponsible behaviour of private sector, because interest rates were held by ECB.
The Term Paper on Exchange Rate Currency European Monetary
It has been a long time in the making, but scheduled plans have marked January 1, 2002 as the date that the new Euro currency banknotes and coins will be introduced in Europe. July 1, 2002 is the designated day that the changeover to a monetary union will be complete. The discussion as to the risks and benefits of this monetary union has been all the talk around the world. This union will have ...
So after collapse of the US mortgage market when ECB elevated interest rates, Spanish construction sector got into the trouble, real estate lost its prices and some people wasn’t able to pay back their mortgages. Construction and related sectors have a high share of national income in Spain, so crisis stroke there with bigger thrust. If we look for achieved agreements in EU, we can see that in 1997 future Euro-zone states accepted the Stability and Growth Pact as some kind of substitute for common fiscal pact.
Regardless of fines the Portugal has broken it in 2001, lately followed by the France and the Germany, so in 2005 monetary union states decided to make its repressive part weaker. Analogous end had so called “no bail-out clause”, which should protect fiscally responsible states from paying for irresponsible ones in monetary union. However, as we know, the Greece received financial help in May 2010. Right after Euro-zone states founded temporary rescue mechanism, one of his parts was EFSF.
Proclamations said that it wasn’t design to usage, but during years 2010-2012 ESFS provided financial help to the Ireland, the Portugal, the Spain and the Cyprus. For year 2013 were planned start of permanent ESM, but finally it was in progress from July 2012 because doubt crisis intensified and both mechanisms worked at the same time. So to run off the crisis Spanish government use the austerity policy. The main austerity points of 2013 budget are: * a 12% average cut in ministerial spending a freeze in public sector pay for the third consecutive year * a new independent authority to monitor government finances * an increase in pensions funded by drawing on 3bn euros of reserves * a new 20% tax on lottery wins above 2,500 euros The Spanish government said that it was “a crisis budget designed to exit the crisis”. They also mentioned their strong conviction that reducing of government’s deficit would focus more on spending cuts than tax rises. Government believe that these cuts would reduce the deficit by 0. 7% of GDP in 2013. Prime Minister Rajoy has promised cut total deficit to 6. 3% in 2013 and under 3% by 2014 which should mean savings around 60 billion euros until 2014. The main reason of this policy is to convince investors that the Spain is taking its finances under control. But the Spain needs financial help for the bank sector (59bn euros in 2012) and it has been conditioned by austerity politics. Also in case of future problems the ECB promised to buy Spanish bonds but with the same condition as I mentioned bellow, austerity.
The Term Paper on Second Republic Spain Government War
To account for the outbreak of the Spanish civil war in July 1936, we must look carefully at all the possible reasons behind the outbreak of war. We must examine carefully the long-term problems and divisions within Spain and Spanish society, and then we must have a look at the intermediate problems of the Second Republic 1931-36. Finally we must look a the immediate problems just before the war ...
Since his election, Prime minister has tried to go easy on spending cuts, but for now the markets (and the ECB) are giving him little choice. But spending cuts hurt the economy; people save the money, companies have existential problems that lead to lower tax revenues and more spending on unemployed benefits. In the end the government needs more money than anticipated, so the deficit is getting higher. In 2012 around 800k people lost their jobs and estimates for this year are talking about half a million people more. “Classic” way how to restart economy and resolve problems is devalued the currency, but it is not possible for the Spain.
Instead of external devaluation, slowly and more painful internal devaluation takes place in the Spain, which means poorer inhabitants, lower pensions and worse public service. Problem is that Spanish budget don’t account with the large hidden looses in bank sector, that may appear and in that case the government has to take care of them. Also OECD expressed in its outlook that exist serious doubts that Spain will miss targets for cutting its budget deficit until 2014 due to recession caused by cuttings and of course, more cuttings would just make the problem worst.
Other problem is institutional, majority of borrowed money is provided to local governments so state cannot directly control this money and ensure declared savings. Also the fact is that now unemployment is around 25% (just 8% before the crisis) and according to the Eurostat only Bulgaria and Romania now have a higher percentage of people deemed at risk of poverty. Some economist called nowadays situation as a “Europe’s austerity madness”, they are convinced that cuts are exorbitant and slow down economic growth too much.
The Essay on Money Growth Rule Economy Supply Inflation
Money Growth Rule The Money Growth Rule is based upon a theory originally set forth by Milton Friedman as a solution to keep the United States economy on a controlled course of growth. The revolves around the premise that the best monetary policy that the Federal Reserve can follow is to establish a constant growth rate of the money supply independent of current economic fluctuations. The ...
I agree that they are slowing down the growth, but if we look to the causes of crisis, we can see that before the crisis (in the Spain) there was significant growth. But for now amount of debts in EU is mostly higher than 60% of GDP, which is the problem we have to face. So according to my point of view is better first reducing them. Thanks to that states are in recession, but I personally think if we made more debts to support the economy, it would bring us during few years another crisis and worst one.
We don’t need time to postpone our problems and wait until economic growth will resolve it. We need to face it, do radical changes to pretend it, we need responsible economic politics, and we cannot spend money of our grandchildren now, just because we are used to accelerating tempo of growing standard of living. I understand that these policies are unpopular, but I think they are also necessary.
