Joe Henry, the sole owner and president of the Consolidated Electric Company, reflected on his inventory management problems. He was a major wholesale supplier of equipment and supplies to electric contractors, and his business hinged on the efficient management of inventories to meet his customers’ needs. While Henry had built very successful business, he was nearing retirement age and wanted to pass along a good inventory management system. Henry’s two sons-in-law were employed in the company. Carl Byeryl, the older of the two, had a college degree in mathematics and was very interested in inventory formulas and computers. The other son-in-law, Edward Wright, had a degree in biology and was a manager of one of the company’s wholesale warehouses. Joe Henry started the Consolidated Electric Company in the 1940’s and built it into a highly profitable business. In 2002, the company had achieved $10 million dollars in sales and earned $1 million dollars in pretax profits.
Consolidated Electric was currently the twelfth largest electrical wholesaler in the country. Consolidated Electric operates through four warehouses in Iowa (Des Moines, Cedar Rapids, Sioux City, and Davenport).
From these sites, contractors in Iowa , Minnesota, Nebraska, Wisconsin, Illinois, and Missouri are supplied with a wide range of electrical equipment including, wire, electrical boxes, connectors, lighting fixtures and electrical controllers. The company stocks 20,000 separate lines items in this inventory purchased from 200 different manufactures. (A line item is defined as a particular item carried at a particular location.) These items range from less than 1 cent each to several hundred dollars for the largest electrical controllers. Of the 20,000 line items, a great many are carried to provide a full line of service. For example, the top 2.000 items account for 50 percent of the sales and the bottom 10,000 items for only 20 percent. The remaining bottom 8,000 items account for 30 percent of the sales.
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The company has continually purged its 20,000 inventory items to carry only those that are demanded at least once a year. As Henry says, “We live and die by good customer service at a reasonable selling price. If we do not meet this objective, the customer will go to another wholesaler or buy directly from the manufacturer.” Henry explained that he currently managed inventory by using an “earn and turn” concept. According to this concept, the earnings margin multiplied by the inventory turn ratio must equal a constant value of 2.0. For example, if a particular electrical item costs $6 to purchase wholesale and is sold for $10, then the earnings margin is $4 and the earn ration for this item is $4/$10 = .40. If this item has a turn ratio of 5 times a year (sales is 5 times the average inventory carried), then the product of earn and turn is .4(5) = 2.0. If another item earns more, it can turn slower; if it earns less, it must turn faster. Each year, Henry sets a target earn-turn ratio for the entire business and a value for each product line.
These targets are based on the estimated costs of operations and the return-on-investment goal for the company. As stated above, the current ratio for the business is 2.0. The purchasing agents and inventory managers at each location are measured by their ability to meet the target earn-turn ratios on their product lines. The actual ratios are reported monthly. Although earn-turn ratios work quite well in controlling profitability of the business and entire product lines, they do not work very well for individual inventory items. Some line items tend to be in excess supply, while others are often out of stock. The inventory is currently managed by use of a Cardex System. A card for each item is kept in a large file, and a clerk posts transactions on the card as units are received or issued, thus keeping a running on-hand inventory balance. Periodically, a purchasing agents reviews the cards for a particular supplier. Then using the order point and quantity printed on the card, the purchasing agent places an order for all items that are below their reorder point.
The Essay on Inventory Management 6
Inventory is the quantity or total amount of goods and materials in a store or factory for some immediate or some future use. The reasons for holding more than adequate stocks of inventory would be 1. to keep business operations running and to meet current orders 2. to meet unforeseen demand and to effectively meet customer orders 3. to take care of the lead time , ie , the time gap ...
If the total quantities of all items required from a supplier do not meet the purchase discount minimums or a truckload lot, additional items near their reorder points are added to the order. This is not done when the total order size is too far from the minimums, since excessive inventories would build up. The order quantity and reorder point printed on each card are based on judgement and past experience. Generally speaking, a three-month supply is ordered for low-cost items and as little as a one-month supply for expensive items. Most lines are reviewed on a weekly basis. Over the past two years, Consolidated Electric had been converting in inventories records to the computer. All the present time, an on-hand balance is maintained on the computer, and an accurate history of all orders placed, receipts and issues is kept. A demand history for a typical item is shown in Appendix 1. Exhibit 1
Formulas for calculating reorder points and quantities
Safety Allowance = Usage X Average Lead Time X .8 X Delivery Delay
Line = daily usage X 7 + order point
Quantity to order = (order point) – (quantity on order)
(Quantity on hand) + Quantity allocated + EOQ
Note: The line point is used to generate orders for all items in a line which are within one week of their order points. These orders may be used to meet truckload minimums or purchased discount minimums.
Henry was anxious to automate the calculation of reorder points and order quantities, but he was unsure of the exact formulas to use. Using standard textbooks in the inventory field. Henry and Carl developed the formulas given in Exhibit 1. The EOQ formulas utilizes a carrying cost of 28 percent and an ordering cost $4.36 per order placed. There figures were based on past cost history at the company. The formulas were programmed into the computer and tested on a pilot basis. For some items, the formulas seemed to work quite well, but for others they resulted in drastic departures from current practice and common sense. For example, on one electrical box, the formulas would have ordered a two-year supply. Henry wanted to get new computerized system up as soon as possible, but he was not sure that the formulas would work properly. He wondered whether the formulas would meet the customer-service objectives of the business. Would they take advantage of truckload lots or purchase discounts whenever appropriate, and would the formulas result in reasonable inventory levels? Discuss Questions
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H2>Education becomes the medium which simply reinforces the inequalities that exist in the social order Everybody knows that school teaches you hordes of useful things and that the people who stay there and get educated are further along the path to freedom than those who dont right? Or maybe, as Quintin Hoare wrote: British education is from a rational point of view grotesque, from a moral one ...
1. Design an inventory control system for this business.
2. Describe how the system you have designed will help the company meet customer-service and cost objectives.
