An elevator is a mechanism for moving people and freight from level to level in a building or any other structure. The first elevator-like structure was built in 236 BC by the Archimeds. This construction was a hoist operated by ropes and pulleys. However, the first pragmatic elevator was not developed until the 19th century. Though sensible, this elevator has been modified many times throughout the course of history and is still updated with all of the new advancements in math and technology. From the start of the production of elevators through today, there have been numerous and boundless improvements made on their structure and how they operate: all due to the advancement The first elevator developed was known as a manual elevator.
This system of elevators used relay logic. Relay logic was a simple wiring based on circuits. This type of elevator did not transfer people from one level to another, only cargo. ***** The second type of elevators was developed in the 1800s. These elevators were powered by steam. At first, these elevators were used solely to transport freight in factories and ore in mines.
Unfortunately, these elevators required a safety device to restrain the elevator from dropping if its supporting cable broke, and this had not been invented yet. Eventually, this necessity was discerned and acted upon. In 1852, Elisha Graves Otis designed the first safety contrivance for elevators. This device was a system involving spring-operated cams that affianced the guide rails in the elevator shaft when the cable broke. This secured the elevator from subsiding which enabled steam powered elevators to be used for transporting people along with cargo. This new use was caused by the precautions taken in improving the safety of steam powered elevators. It was first used for people in 1857 in New Yorks own Haughwout department store.
The Essay on Poverty And Social Structure
Although the United States is one of the richest countries in the world many of it's people sleep in the streets, dig through garbage cans to find food, and carry all that they own in this world on their backs or in shopping carts. These people are known as the homeless. Recently I had the opportunity of helping, and at the same time being educated by one of the members of this unfortunate group. ...
This edifice was driven by steam power: unlike the manual elevator it had the capability of transporting people from floor to floor. Though this was a major amplification in the manufacturing of elevators, technology and mathematics were still improving allowing for even more types of ameliorated elevators to take the place of those already produced. As mathematics advanced, the third type of elevators was formulated. This being the hydraulic elevator was the first practical elevator with semblance to those of todays time. The concept of hydraulics is somewhat based on Pascals Law. This stated that pressure exerted upon a liquid is transmitted in all directions at the same magnitude.
This was theorized sometime in the mid-17th century yet its capability of advancing and explaining technology was not fully accredited until the 19th century when hydraulic elevators were first introduced. Hydraulic elevators were used between 1857 and 1889. Operated by means of a vertical plunger, this elevator traveled up and down a cylinder pushing and lowering the car above it. The vertical plunger was reallocated by liquid under pressure. A hand-driven pump (hydraulic jack) created this pressure. The basic idea behind any hydraulic system is extraordinarily simple. Any force that is applied at one point is moved to another point using an incompressible fluid (either oil or water) while the force is frequently multiplied in the process.
The fluid used was most often oil. Oil was preferred over water because of its shielding and lubricating behavior, and in the case of mineral oil, its low coherence. Though the popular use of hydraulic elevators ended in 1889, they are still used in prewar buildings. Furthermore, they are presently utilized in Electrically driven elevators were devised before their initial commercial application in 1889. This presentation took place in one of New Yorks finest buildings, the Demarest. For the first time in all history, an electrically driven elevator was installed for the utilization of the public.
The Essay on Hydraulic System Pump Pressure Cavitation
CAVITATION Cause and Effect The word cavitation is a process that a Hydraulics Technician does not want to encounter. Cavitation can occur due to entrained air bubbles in the hydraulic fluid or vaporization of the hydraulic fluid. This occurs when the suction lift is excessive and the inlet-pressure falls below the vapor pressure (pressure which a liquid starts to boil and thus begins changing ...
This genre of elevator was operated by an electric motor. This motor drove a winding drum in the basement of the building. Following this, significant advancements came about in 1894 and then another in 1895. First, in 1894, push-button controls were introduced. Like modern elevators, this invention suffered people to simply push the button of the floor they were going to instead of having to use a lever to determine the floor (by pushing it left or right for down and the opposite for up).
The second invention (1895) was that of a hoisting apparatus. This device was ascertained in England. Its purport was to make the move of the cable drum to the top of the shaft possible, thus leading to higher shafts in taller buildings.
This mechanism applied electric power to a pulley at the top of the shaft. This caused the weight of the car and counterweights to ensure traction; making its original purpose conceivable. This progression, along with that of the push-button controls were key introductory elements In 1915, eleven years after the push-button controls, the first automatic system of controlling the elevators destination was applied. This system was called automatic car leveling. In this system, the control took over at each floor enabling the elevator to stop uniformly with the floor level. Soon after, the elevator doors also evolved. Their upgrading was due to an automatic system as well. However instead of regulating where the elevator would cease its ascent or descent, this automatic system ingenuously controlled the opening and closing of the elevator doors at its predetermined floor.
With all of these preferments, elevator manufactures wanted to find a way of taking up less space while still taking advantage of all that has been accomplished throughout time. In an attempt to minimize the space taken by elevator shafts in a building, the double-deck elevator was constructed in 1932. Although this advancement was innovative and deserving of application, the double-deck elevator was not used extensively until 1971. This elevators famous comeback was its installation into Chicagos salient Time-Life building (1971).
The Term Paper on Human Factors Design System Control
A Technical Analysis of Ergonomics and Human Factors in Modern Flight Deck Design. Introduction Since the dawn of the aviation era, cockpit design has become increasingly complicated owing to the advent of new technologies enabling aircraft to fly farther and faster more efficiently than ever before. With greater workloads imposed on pilots as fleets modernize, the reality of he or she exceeding ...
** (Math enabled the elevators to be constructed on a smaller scale yet with the same technology.) ** By this time, elevators had vastly ameliorated, but there was still room for improvement. The next and most recent type of elevator was developed in the 20th century.
The term invariably associated with this elevator is automatic, hence its name (Automatic Elevator).
With this elevator came the introduction of a system called the solid state. This system works through computer chips that are based on mathematics. The cable hoisted automatic elevators used today travel up and down in a shaft. On each floor, the shafts have doors that open within. Above the elevator shaft is a particularly significant room that controls most of the elevators function. This room embodies an electric motor which administrates the important duties of an elevator. This motor controls speed, stopping, starting, and reversing.
The steel cables that uphold the car are looped around a drum appended to the driving motor. As the capacity in the car increases, the grip that the cables have on the drum become more taut. The majority of present-day elevators possess both inner and outer doors. To further the safety of these elevators, they will operate only if both sets of doors are shut. In nearly all buildings, elevators contain photoelectric inclinations. These devices are used to keep the doors from closing while passengers are entering and exiting.
These elevators are used all over the world and have proved themselves to be a phenomenal upgrade in the elevator industry. From being operated by a manual or steam-powered device, to being lifted by cables, elevators have proved in their own advancements the notable progress of math and technology. Based on the facts previously stated, one can observe that elevators have come impressively far since the idea of a construction to move people and things from one level to another came about. In a mere 250 years, people have gone from physically walking up a staircase to being lifted by a mechanical apparatus. Year after year, systems have been technologically and mathematically amended to produce todays automatic elevator. With each improvement, whether slight or immense, elevators have become safer, easier to operate, and quicker. If the present-day elevator was taken apart and compared to the first (or second) type of elevator, it would be evident what the progression of mathematics and technology have allowed us to accomplish.
The Essay on The Eastern Africa Submarine Cable System
Mr Chris Wood, CEO of WIOCC and Co-Chair of the EASSy Management Committee, today announces on behalf of the EASSy submarine fibre-optic cable Management Committee that the EASSy system will be upgraded in 2011, more than doubling the current available capacity on the system. Following an extremely successful initial four months of operation, during which the system has enjoyed 100% network ...
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Grolier Electronic Publishing. Copyright; 1993.
