Brody (2001) defines “emotions as motivational systems with physiological, behavioral, experiential, and cognitive components” (p. 15).
The author adds that “emotions have a positive or negative valence and also vary in intensity or arousal levels, from mild to strong” (p. 15).
Emotional expression indicates outward manifestation on an individual’s face, while emotional experience is a state of feeling that only the individual knows it (Brody, 2001).
Emotional expression may either play a role as a self-communicative function or may reflect the behavioral and physiological arousal together with the emotional experience (Brody, 2001).
Expression of feelings may help an individual to determine the characteristic of an emotional experience (Brody, 2001).
Factors that influence facial expression rely on the individual who expresses the emotion, the individual who perceives the emotion, the message expressed in each channel, and previous experience (Ekman & Sullivan, 1991).
facial feedback pertains to patterned proprioceptive feedback coming from the muscle activity in the face or from integrated expressions in the face (Ekman & Sullivan, 1991).
The Term Paper on Cultural Influences On Emotional Expression and Perception
Everyone is uniquely shaped, and should not be compared with others. Expressing ourselves can differentiate from other expressions since we are unique in each and every way. Some similarities may exist, but not necessarily every aspect of what we tend to express. As defined in the textbook, “emotional expression is the most important representation of our emotions, and may be similar to ...
According to Ekman and Sullivan (1991), the facial feedback hypothesis is an important determining factor of the experience of emotion. The authors add that the facial feedback hypothesis contends that an individual can utilize information from his or her own facial behavior to figure out what he or she feels. The facial feedback hypothesis also claims that the expression of emotion causes autonomic, hormonal, and behavioral alterations that initiate the experience of the emotion (Brody, 2001).
Facial expressions are being utilized by individuals as clues as to what emotions they are experiencing or in making judgments concerning their attitudes (Brody, 2001).
A positive facial expression show more positive reactions such as understanding instead of anger, than those individuals who are showing angry facial expressions (Brody, 2001).
Emotional experience happens when unforeseen changes in personally significant goals are realized (Stein, Hernandez, & Trabasso, 2008).
The situation that surrounds an emotion starts when a precipitating event happens and warns an individual to some type of alterations in a personally significant goal (Stein, Hernandez, & Trabasso, 2008).
An emotional episode is defined as a “sequence of events that includes the precipitating event; appraisals of the change in the status of a goal; the physiological and neurophysiological reactions that occur in relation to the change; the emotional reaction itself; and subsequent appraisal, planning, and behavior sequences carried out to cope with the impact of the goal change” (Stein, Hernandez, & Trabasso, 2008, p.
575).
An emotional response of an individual should continue to be expressed or experienced if new meaning is realized from discovering a repeated event in order for the event to be connected to new information not previously accessed (Stein, Hernandez, & Trabasso, 2008).
Appraisal theory contends that emotions rely on understanding the adaptational relevance or personal significance of a situation (Parkinson, 2001).
The Research paper on Gender and Emotions: Different Gender Shows Different Emotional Behavior
Based from my observations, men are more action-based while women are more verbal-based when it comes to expressing their emotions. Women tend to misunderstand men because men tend to keep most of their emotions to themselves. They usually express their emotions through actions. Women sometimes, if not regularly, ask the questions–‘how are you doing,’ ‘what are you thinking,’ or ‘why are you doing ...
Appraisal is influenced by several factors such as perceptual, sensory-motor, and cognitive processes (Parkinson, 2001).
Furthermore, appraisal processes are believed to happen between input and output in a cognitive system of an individual (Parkinson, 2001).
They are influenced by an ongoing dialogue, in which interpersonally distributed cognition was used to achieve emotional conclusions (Parkinson, 2001).
When an individual describes his or her experience based on a given emotion, he or she has a tendency to manifest distinctive patterns of appraisal corresponding to the given emotion (Parkinson, 2001).
This means that an individual’s everyday emotional representations are linked with relatively consistent attributes of appraisal profiles (Parkinson, 2001).
References
Brody, L. (2001).
Gender, emotion, and the family. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Ekman, P. & O’Sullivan, M. (1991).
Facial expression: Methods, means, and moues. In R. S. Feldman & B. Rime (Eds. ), Fundamentals of nonverbal behavior (pp. 163-199).
Cambridge University Press. Parkinson, B. (2001).
Putting appraisal in context. In K. R. Scherer, A. Schorr, & T. Johnstone (Eds. ), In Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research (pp. 173-186).
USA: Oxford University Press. Stein, N. L. , Hernandez, M. W. , & Trabasso, T. (2008).
In M. Lewis, J. M. Haviland-Jones, L. F. Barrett (Eds. ), Handbook of emotions (pp. 574-586).
United Kingdom: Guilford Press.
