Energy Inc. has a present obligation (IAS 37-17) and probable liability (ASC 450-20-25-2) on December 31, 2011 as a result of a past event, the contamination of the land, because it is virtually certain that a draft law requiring cleaning up will be enacted. It is probable (more likely than not) that Energy Inc. will be required to transfer economic benefits in settlement which is an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits in settlement (IAS 37-23).
The amount of the obligation or loss can also be estimated reliably since Energy Inc.
has made similar payments for cleanup in other countries, which is the best estimate of the costs of the clean (IAS 37-36/ASC 450-20-25-2).
As a result, according to IAS 37-14, Energy Inc. should recognize a provision in reporting to its U. K. parent under IFRSs and based on ASC 450-20-25-2, a provision needs to be recognized in reporting to its U. S. -based lender in accordance with U. S. GAAP as of December 31, 2011. However, in the case that Energy Inc. cannot reasonably estimate the cost of the cleanup, a provision should not be recognized but disclosed provision in reporting to its U. K.
parent under IFRSs and U. S. -based lender in accordance with U. S. GAAP (ASC 450-20-50-5).
Scenario 2 FuelSource Co. causes contamination and operates in Dirty Country where there is no environmental legislation. However, FuelSource Co. has a widely published environmental policy in which it undertakes to clean up all contamination that it causes and a record of honoring this published policy. Thus, it gives rise to a constructive obligation because the conduct of FuelSource Co. has created a valid expectation on the part of those affected by it that it will clean up contamination (IAS 37-17/ASC 450-20).
The Term Paper on Energy the Present and Future Scenario
It warms and cools our homes, cooks our food, plays our music, and gives us pictures on television. Energy is defined as the ability or the capacity to do work. We use energy to do work and make all movements. When we eat, our bodies transform the food into energy to do work. When we run or walk or do some work, we ‘burn’ energy in our bodies. Cars, planes, trolleys, boats, and machinery also ...
It is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits to settle that obligation will occur (IAS 37-23).
Also, the amount of the obligation or loss can be estimated reliably with the best estimate of the costs of cleanup (IAS 37-36/ASC 450-20-25-2).
Therefore, According to IAS 37-14 and ASC 450-20-25-2, FuelSource Co. should recognize a provision for cleanup costs in reporting to both its U. K. parent under IFRSs its U. S. -based lender in accordance with U. S. GAAP. Scenario 3 The change in the income tax system does not impose present obligation on Energy Inc.
because an obligating event for recognizing a provision, staff retraining, has not occurred. As a result, according to IAS 37 and ASC 450, as of the balance sheet date Energy Inc. should not recognize a provision for the expected costs to retrain the staff in reporting to its U. K. parent under IFRS or in reporting to its U. S. -based lender in accordance with U. S. GAAP. Scenario 4 Under new legislation, FuelSource Co. is required to install smoke filters to its factories by June 30, 2012, but it has not installed the smoke filters as of December 31, 2011.
There is no Present obligation because there is no obligating event either for the costs of fitting smoke filters or for fines under the legislation. Therefore, according to IAS 37 and ASC 450, FuelSource Co. should not recognize a provision as of December 31, 2011 neither in reporting to its U. K. parent under IFRSs nor in reporting to its U. S. -based lender in accordance with U. S. GAAP. Question A Any of four scenarios of the cases is not changed by the removal of ‘probable outflows’ criteria 2, which requires a probable future outflow of economic benefits resulting from the liabilities.
In the first and the second scenarios, the entity should recognize a provision as of the balance sheet date in reporting to its U. K. parent, while not recognize in the third and the fourth scenarios. Question B In my opinion, often criteria 1 and criteria 2 serve the same purpose. They both serve to prevent recognizing a liability if it is not probable. Thus, the removal of criteria 2 would makes IAS 37 more consistent with ASC 450 of U. S. GAAP. With this revision, there would be more enhanced comparability between those two standards.
The Essay on Loss Contingency
The scenario that present this case is a company faces litigation. I have to surmise how this liability will be reported as well as the resulting effects on the financial statements in the years presented. I will present some facts of this case, and by these facts I will resolve the primary accounting which in my opinion it could accrued the liability, disclose the liability or count it as ...
ASC 450-20-25-1 When a loss contingency exists, the likelihood that the future event or events will confirm the loss or impairment of an asset or the incurrence of a liability can range from probable to remote. As indicated in the definition of contingency, the term loss is used for convenience to include many charges against income that are commonly referred to as expenses and others that are commonly referred to as losses. The Contingencies Topic uses the terms probable, reasonably possible, and remote to identify three areas within that range.
ASC 450-20-25-2 An estimated loss from a loss contingency shall be accrued by a charge to income if both of the following conditions are met: (a) Information available before the financial statements are issued or are available to be issued (as discussed in Section 855-10-25) indicates that it is probable that an asset had been impaired or a liability had been incurred at the date of the financial statements. Date of the financial statements means the end of the most recent accounting period for which financial statements are being presented.
It is implicit in this condition that it must be probable that one or more future events will occur confirming the fact of the loss. (b) The amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. The purpose of those conditions is to require accrual of losses when they are reasonably estimable and relate to the current or a prior period. Paragraphs 450-20-55-1 through 55-17 and Examples 1–2 (see paragraphs 450-20-55-18 through 55-35) illustrate the application of the conditions. As discussed in paragraph 450-20-50-5, disclosure is preferable to accrual when a reasonable estimate of loss cannot be made.
Further, even losses that are reasonably estimable shall not be accrued if it is not probable that an asset has been impaired or a liability has been incurred at the date of an entity’s financial statements because those losses relate to a future period rather than the current or a prior period. Attribution of a loss to events or activities of the current or prior periods is an element of asset impairment or liability incurrence. ASC 450-20-50-5 Disclosure is preferable to accrual when a reasonable estimate of loss cannot be made.
The Essay on Provisions And Contingencies
Under IFRSs IAS 37, a provision is recognized for a legal or constructive obligation arising from a past event, if there is a probable (more likely than not) outflow of resources and the amount can be estimated reliably (IAS 37.14). In contrast, according to FASB ASC 450-20-25-2, a contingency (provision) is recognized if it is probable (likely) that a liability has been incurred and the amount is ...
For example, disclosure shall be made of any loss contingency that meets the condition in paragraph 450-20-25-2(a) but that is not accrued because the amount of loss cannot be reasonably estimated (the condition in paragraph 450-20-25-2[b]).
Disclosure also shall be made of some loss contingencies that do not meet the condition in paragraph 450-20-25-2(a)—namely, those contingencies for which there is a reasonable possibility that a loss may have been incurred even though information may not indicate that it is probable that an asset had been impaired or a liability had been incurred at the date of the financial statements.
IAS 37-14 A provision shall be recognized when: (a) an entity has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a past event; (b) it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation; and (c) a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. If these conditions are not met, no provision shall be recognized. IAS 37-17 A past event that leads to a present obligation is called an obligating event. For an event to be an obligating event, it is necessary that the entity has no realistic alternative to settling the obligation created by the event.
This is the case only: (a) where the settlement of the obligation can be enforced by law; or (b) in the case of a constructive obligation, where the event (which may be an action of the entity) creates valid expectations in other parties that the entity will discharge the obligation. IAS 37-23 For a liability to qualify for recognition there must be not only a present obligation but also the probability of an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits to settle that obligation.
For the purpose of this Standard,1 an outflow of resources or other event is regarded as probable if the event is more likely than not to occur, ie the probability that the event will occur is greater than the probability that it will not. Where it is not probable that a present obligation exists, an entity discloses a contingent liability, unless the possibility of an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits is remote. IAS 37-36 The amount recognized as a provision shall be the best estimate of the expenditure required to settle the present obligation at the end of the reporting period.
The Business plan on Human Resource Management 18
Introduction The Boston Chocolate and Truffles Company is a London based chocolate business company as it is continues to grow it is significant to understand the importance of human resource management (HRM) and the implementation of its strategies. This paper is an informative guide that will cover the definition of Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM), importance of HR in organisation, ...
