Erik Erikson stated that humans developed throughout their lifespan and looked at identity crises as the main focal point of each stage of human development. Upon this belief, he developed eight psychosocial stages that individuals would encounter throughout their lifetime, of which has two possible outcomes. Once each stage is successfully completed, this will result in a healthy personality and healthy interactions with others. However failure to complete a stage can result in reduced ability to complete further stages and therefore lead to an unhealthy personality and a sense of self.
The first stage Trust versus Mistrust: Birth- 1 year. According to Erikson in this stage the child will developed a sense of basic trust in the world and in his ability to affect events around him. The development of this stage highly depends on the consistency of the caregiver. He claimed if the infant who gets feed when it’s hungry and comforted when it’s needs comforting will develop a sense of trust which it will carry into other relationships and better able to handle life challenges.
Success in this stage will lead to hope. However he noted that if mistrust wins over in this stage for whatever reason the child can develop a sense of mistrust, lack of confidence and a tendency to show frustration. The second stage: autonomy versus shame & doubt: 1- 2years. The child is developing physically and begins to assert their independence by walking away from their mother, picking which toy they want to play with and making choices about what they want to wear.
The Term Paper on Stages Of Development Child Stage Young
There are three main theories of development that I shall discuss in this assignment, Cognitive, the main theorist being, Piaget, (1896 1980), The, Psychosocial Theory, Erikson, (1902 1994), and, The Psychosexual, of, Freud, (1856 1939). Cognitive Psychology draws the comparison between the human mind and a computer, suggesting that we like the computer process the information we acquire from ...
Erikson believed that during this stage parents need the support and encourages the child to become more independent whilst at same time protecting the child so that constant failure is avoided. They must create a supportive atmosphere in which the child can developed a sense of self control without the loss self-esteem. A delicate balance is required from the parent. If the child fails in a particular task they must not be criticized their failures and accidents. The success in this stage will lead to the virtue of the will.
By encouraging and supporting the children in their tasks this will build their confidence and a belief stronger in their own ability to strive within the society. On the other hand, if they are criticized or overly controlled they’ll develop a tendency to feel inadequate within themselves, less assertive, and probably be more of a follower rather than a leader. Stage three: Initiative versus Guilt- (3-6 years) At this stage the child is lively, and rapidly developing within his life.
The child will try to over step every possible boundary that the parent has set to protect them from danger. As the child over step his mark parents will either punish or try to restrict his initiative too much. Erikson claims that around the ages of three to six, children generally begin to assert themselves more frequently in various ways. Their will plan games, make stories and initiate stories whereby most often than they will want to be the leader and make the decisions within that sphere.
If this tendency is squelched either through control or criticism, the child can develop a sense of guilt. They may feel like a nuisance to others and lacking self- initiative. It’s a period where they will converse a lot and ask a multi- range of questions as they crave for knowledge expands for they are eager to learn about everything within and around them. He states if the child’s questions are treated a meaningless, an embarrassment or other aspects of their behaviour as threatening. This opens the door to thoughts of guilt or feelings “I am a nuisance.
Too much guilt can make the child slow to interact with others and may hinder their creative ability. Although a little guilt is necessary so the child can exercise self control or have a conscience. It’s important that self- initiative and guilt should be evenly poise. Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of purpose. Fourth stage: Industry (competence) versus inferiority – 6-12 years. This is the period in which the child wants to enter the larger world of knowledge. It’s the period whereby the child will enter school and to the exposition of technology of his society.
The Term Paper on Helping Children With Aspergers Syndrome Develop Socially
Helping Children with Aspergers Syndrome Develop Socially Outline: Introduction Main part Transition for children with AS Personal hygiene Language difficulties Sensitive mood Meltdowns Motivation Conclustion In recent years, a grwing number f children and adults have been diagnsed with Asperger's Syndrme, a neurlgical cnditin characterized by severe difficulties with scial cmmunicatin. This is ...
He will explore a wide range of art and crafts, maps, books in other words, “the world is at his finger tips”. Erikson believes that the learning process do not occur in the classroom, but at home, friends and on the street. It‘s at this stage the child peer group will gain a greater significance and become a major source of the child’s self-esteem. The child will seek the need to win approval by demonstrating various competences that are valued by society, and developed a sense of pride in their accomplishments.
Successful experiences should be encouraged and reinforced for their initiative, this will give a sense of competence, begin to feel industrious and confident in their ability to achieve their goals. If these are restricted by either the parent or teacher or anyone for that matter, the child may developed a sense of doubt and inadequacy and begins to feel inferior about his own abilities. He also may view himself as a good for nothing if he have not reach his task or goals. Even though some failure is good so the child can develop modesty its imperative that a balance between competence and modesty is achieve.
Success in this will lead to competence. The Fifth stage: Identity versus Role: 13- 18 years. For the adolescent transition from childhood to adulthood is very important. It’s a stage where they are becoming more independent and have a different perspective about life and their future plans. This is the time where the adolescent seek to find their true self and re-examine their identity. According to Erikson there are two identities that are involved with the adolescent sexual and occupational what one wants to become and of one’s appropriate sex role.
They may feel comfortable about their body for a while until they can adapt and grow into these changes. Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of fidelity. It’s a stage where they explore possibilities and begin to form they own identities based upon outcomes of their explorations. If the sense of their explorations are hindered in any way this can result in a sense of confusion (“ I do not know what I want to be when I grow up”) about themselves and their role in the world.
The Essay on As people grow older, they need to renegotiate their sense of identity and belonging
Everyone has struggled with their identity and belonging during a chapter of their life. There comes a time when our opinions and beliefs begin to differentiate from those around us. During this time, some people may discover where they belong, whereas many others do not. It is not solely one stage of our lives when we are confronted with an identity crisis, but a continuous challenge throughout ...
