The work required 100, 000 men to cover 13 acres of land and move stone slabs to the site of the pyramid across certain kilometers in distance. All the hammering and building was not heard in the villages which was only made possible by the principles of sound management. Pre-Scientific Management (Before 1880) Evidence of the use of the principles of management during this era is to be found in organizations like the Military and Catholic Church. However, this form of management is not practiced by most companies until the second half of the nineteenth century when the structure in the business world was simplified.
A textile mill manager in Scotland named Robert Owen made remarkable changes that had a huge impact in the productivity of his personnel in the plant. Another important name in this era is Charles Babbage, a British mathematician and teacher who believed in the use of accurate observations, measurements and precise knowledge in decision-making. Their ideas have created an awareness about existing managerial problems at that time. Classical Management Era (1880-1930) At the turn of the new century, efficiency and productivity became a critical concern of the managers.
Among the major characteristics of the Classical Management Theory are rational economic view which assumes that people are motivated by economic gains, scientific management which emphasizes on internal operations as managers are concerned with meeting the demand, administrative principles which requires both the job and people to form an efficient organization and lastly, bureaucratic organization which finds ways to eliminate managerial inconsistencies brought about by abuse of power leading to ineffectiveness.
The Business plan on Functions Of Management
Functions of Management Successful business is the main aim for organization. In order to be successful, organization should shape its strategic goals and change them from time to time in accordance with constantly changing demands of the market. In order to achieve success, the company should be effective. Effectiveness, in its turn, is the direct consequence of the fact that the company renders ...
This era of industrial revolution that took place in Europe and North America had manual labor replaced by machines especially in the garments and automobile sectors. The rapid occurrence and the need to increase organizational efficiency and effectiveness have guided the evolution of management because even then, managers have searched for ways on how to make the most of the vast resources to their maximum usage. Neo Classical Era – Human Relations (1930-1950) The Neo Classical Era paved the way to the emergence of behavioral or the human relations management in the 1920’s.
A group of researchers including Elton Mayo conducted the first studies of human relations in the Hawthorne Plant of the Western Electric Company located in Illinois, USA. Their finding which is more popularly called as the Hawthorne Effect is used as a basis for managing human relations: 1. The aptitudes of individuals are imperfect predictors of job performance. 2. Informal organization affects productivity. 3. Work-group norms affet productivity. 4. The work place is a social system. Chester Bernard followed Hawthorne Effect’s principles and developed a framework that dealt with the executive functions.
According to his Acceptance Theory of Authority, supervisors in a company only have much authority as their subordinates allow them to have. Among the functions of a manager include: 1. Establish and maintain an effective communication system. 2. Hire and retain effective personnel. 3. Motivate those personnel. modern management Era (1950 up to present) The rise of labor unions and government regulations brought by unfair labor practices during the Great Depression gave way to the modern management we know today.
Companies now sought after potential in an employee as well exceptional capabilities. Organizations began seeing the upside of employee development and the dependency of individual success on organization success. Many experts analyze past management theories in order to develop new improved models that will result to a more effective supervision. Modern management thinkers like Robert Schlaifer and Herbert Simon defines organization as a complex system that underlies contingency approach and use of modern techniques to solve organizational and human problems.
The Essay on The Central Principles of Scientific Management, Human Relations and the Socio-Technical Perspective on Work-Organization
1. Introduction Management on work-organization embraces various processes, procedures and practice, including theories, tasks and roles of management, together with rational analysis and other decision-making and etc., aiming to gain the more effectiveness and efficiency of organization as a final goal. The theories of management is the basic knowledge that we should well master first in order to ...
