Hemostasis: know the steps leading to hemostasis, know the difference between the intrinsic and extrinsic pathway of coagulation, know the steps in the common pathway that lead to the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin Steps: 1. Vascular Spasm: a sudden, brief tightening of the muscle cells inside the walls of a blood vessel. 2. Platelet Plug Formation 3. Coagulation (blood clotting) Intrinsic vs. extrinsic pathways: 1. Extrinsic mechanism: triggered by tissue damage outside of the blood vessel 2. Intrinsic mechanism: triggered by elements that lie within the blood inself Blood Types: ABO: -.
Antigens: protein marker on surface of RBC – Antibody: protein produced by immune system to destroy or mark for destruction by other cells of foreign objects – Transfusions: – Packed red blood cells are usually used – Donor RBC’s are mixed with the recipient plasma – Type O neg is the universal donor – Type AB is the universal recipient Rh: understand hemolytic disease of the newborn * Rh- mom has Rh+ baby * Blood mixes at birth, during delivery * Rh Ag from the baby gets into mother’s blood, causing her to make Rh Ab * If mom has 2nd Rh+ child the Rh Ab crosses the placenta, causing HDN Heart
Heart anatomy: know the chambers, valves, and great vessels and the order of blood flow through these structures Chambers: 1. Right atrium 2. Right ventricle 3. left atrium 4. Left ventricle Valves: 1. AV valves: a. Bicuspid (mitral) – Left b. Tricuspid – Right 2. Semilunar valves a. Aortic – Left b. Pulmonic – Right Great Vessels: 1. Inferior & Superior vena cava Right Atrium 2. Pulmonary artery lungs 3. Pulmonary veins left atrium 4. Aorta systemic arteries (the body) Steps of blood flow through the heart: 1. Blood enters right atrium from superior and inferior venae cavae 2.
The Essay on Wave Of Excitation Blood Heart Atrium
Describe the action of the heart in terms of collecting blood, pumping of blood, and opening and closing of valves In mammals, with double circulation, the heart is divided into right and left sides with 2 atria and 2 ventricles. This division of the heart prevents the oxygenated blood on the left side from mixing with the deoxygenate d blood on the right side. The muscular heart pumps the blood ...
Blood in right atrium flows through right AV valve into right ventricle 3. Contraction of right ventricle forces pulmonary valve open 4. Blood flows through pulmonary valve into pulmonary trunk 5. Blood is distributed by right and left pulmonary arteries to the lungs, where it unloads carbon dioxide and loads oxygen 6. Blood returns from lungs via pulmonary veins to left atrium 7. Blood in left atrium flows through left AV valve into left ventricle 8. Contraction of left ventricle forces aortic valve open 9. Blood flows through aortic valve into ascending aorta 0. Blood in aorta is distributed to every organ in the body, where it unloads oxygen and loads carbon dioxide 11. Blood returns to heart via venae cavae Cardiac cycle: know the four phases of the cycle, which valves are open or closed at each part of the cycle 4 phases of the cycle: 1. Ventricular filling (last part of diastole and artrial systole) 2. Isovolumetric contraction (means same volume) 3. Ventricular ejection (systole continues) 4. Isovolumetric relaxation (beginning of diastole) Systole: contraction of the myocardium Diastole: relaxation of the myocardium
Heart failure: know what it is and understand the relationship of pulmonary edema or systemic edema to the failure of either ventricle Right Side 1. Left ventricular output exceeds right ventricular output 2. Pressure backs up 3. Fluid accumulates in systemic tissue ** Right Sided failure causes peripheral edema Left Side 1. Right ventricular output exceeds left ventricular output 2. Pressure backs up 3. Fluid accumulates in pulmonary tissue ** Left Sided failure causes pulmonary edema Blood Vessels Vascular anatomy: know the similarities and differences of the three different types of blood vessels 1.
The Dissertation on Related Literature to the Cash Flow Management
The role of cash flow information in discriminating between bankrupt and non-bankrupt companies remains a contentious issue. In a number of literature reviews on bankruptcy prediction (e. g. Zavgren, 1983; Jones, 1987; Neill et al. 1991; Watson, 1996) the common view is that cash flow information does not contain significant incremental information content over accrual information in ...
Arteries: always take blood away from the heart (high pressure) 2. Veins: return blood to the heart (low pressure) 3. Capillaries between arteries and veins (very thin walled to allow gas/nutrient exchange) Anastomoses: understand collateral circulation as it relates to intra-arterial or intravenous anastomoses, understand the AV anastomoses (shunts) and portal systems Collateral Circulation – insures blood flow in the event of an obstruction Arterio-Venous anastomosis (shunt)- warm blood is shunted to prevent heat loss
