Ext file system: The extended file system, or ext, was implemented in April 1992 as the first file system created specifically for the Linux kernel. It has metadata structure inspired by the traditional Unix File System (UFS) and was designed by Rémy Card to overcome certain limitations of the MINIX file system.
It was the first implementation that used the virtual file system (VFS), for which support was added in the Linux kernel in version 0.96c, and it could handle file systems up to 2 gigabytes (GB) in size.
It is the first in the series of the extended file systems, superseded by both ext2 and xiafs, between which there was a competition, which ext2 won because of its long-term viability. ext2 remedied issues with ext, such as the immutability of inodes and fragmentation. Other extended file systems are ext2, ext3, and ext4.
Resource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_file_system 2. Linux Hierarchical File System: The Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) defines the directory structure and directory contents in Unix and Unix-like operating systems.
For the most part, it is a formalization and extension of the traditional BSD filesystem hierarchy. The FHS is maintained by the Linux Foundation. The current version is 2.3, announced on 29 January 2004. Resource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filesystem_Hierarchy_Standard Below is a diagram of the Linux filesystem structure:
The Term Paper on System File Settings Purpose Specifies
System File Settings Windows initialization files contain information that defines your Windows environment. Windows and Windows applications can use the information stored in these files to configure themselves to meet your needs and preferences. There are two standard Windows initialization files: + WIN. INI, which primarily contains settings that Windows maintains to customize your Windows ...
3. Linux standards base: The Linux Standard Base (LSB) is a joint project by several Linux distributions under the organizational structure of the Linux Foundation to standardize the software system structure, including the filesystem hierarchy used in the GNU/Linux operating system.
The LSB is based on the POSIX specification, the Single UNIX Specification, and several other open standards, but extends them in certain areas.
According to the LSB: The goal of the LSB is to develop and promote a set of open standards that will increase compatibility among Linux distributions and enable software applications to run on any compliant system even in binary form. In addition, the LSB will help coordinate efforts to recruit software vendors to port and write products for Linux Operating Systems.
The LSB compliance may be certified for a product by a certification procedure.
The LSB specifies for example: standard libraries, a number of commands and utilities that extend the POSIX standard, the layout of the file system hierarchy, run levels, the printing system, including spoolers such as CUPS and tools like Foomatic and several extensions to the X Window System.
The command lsb_release -a is available in many systems to get the LSB version details.
Resource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Standard_Base
4. Unix/Linux Directory Structure: In Unix and Unix-like operating systems, the Unix directory structure is a convention for filesystem layout. It was first documented in the heir(7) man page of Version 7 Unix[1]; subsequent versions, derivatives and clones typically have a similar man page.
Though the Unix filesystem layout is not part of the Single UNIX Specification, several attempts exist to standardize it, such as the Linux Foundation’s Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS).
Resource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_directory_structure
Directory or File Description /bin User Binaries /sbin System Binaries /etc Configuration Files /dev Device Files /proc Process Information /var Variable Files /tmp Temporary Files /usr User Programs /home Home Directories /boot Boot Loader Files /lib System Libraries /opt Optional add-on Apps /mnt Mount Directory /media Removable Devices /srv Service Data
The Essay on File System and Configuration File
What command would let you most safely switch to runlevel 2 without rebooting the computer? Pg 431 Telinit 2 7. What type of control does SELinux implement? Pg 414 Mandatory Access Control 8. Know all of the possible states of SELinux . Pg 414 Enforcing Permissive and Disable 9. The files hosts. allow and hosts. deny belong to what security system? Pg 447 TCP Wrappers 10. Given the following ...
1. / – Root Every file and directory starts from the root directory. Only root user has write privilege under this directory. The /root is root user’s home directory, which is not the same as /. 2. /bin – User Binaries Contains binary executables.
Common Linux commands you need to use in a single-user modes are located under this directory Commands used by all the users of the system are located here. For example: ps, ls, ping, grep, cp. 3. /sbin – System Binaries Just like /bin, /sbin also contains binary executables.
The Linux commands located under this directory are typically used by the system administrator, for system maintenance purpose. For example: iptables, reboot, fdisk, ifconfig, swapon 4. /etc – Configuration Files Contains configuration files required by all programs.
This also contains startup and shutdown shell scripts used to start or stop individual programs. For example: /etc/resolv.conf, /etc/logrotate.conf 5. /dev – Device Files Contains device files. These include terminal devices, usb, or any device attached to the system. For example: /dev/tty1, /dev/usbmon0 6. /proc – Process Information Contains information about system process.
This is a pseudo filesystem contains information about running processes. For example: /proc/{pid} directory contains information about the process with that particular pid. This is a virtual filesystem with text information about system resources. For example: /proc/uptime 7. /var – Variable Files
Var stands for variable files. Content of the files that are expected to grow can be found under this directory. This includes – system log files (/var/log); packages & database files (/var/lib); emails (/var/mail); print queues (/var/spool); lock files (/var/lock); temp files needed across reboots (/var/tmp).
8. /tmp – Temporary Files
Directory that contains temporary files created by system and users. Files under this directory are deleted when system is rebooted. 9. /usr – User Programs
Contains binaries, libraries, documentation, and source-code for second level programs. /usr/bin contains binary files for user programs. If you can’t find a user binary under /bin, look under /usr/bin. For example: at, awk, cc, less, scp /usr/sbin contains binary files for system administrators. If you can’t find a system binary under /sbin, look under /usr/sbin. For example: atd, cron, sshd, useradd, userdel /usr/lib contains libraries for /usr/bin and /usr/sbin
The Term Paper on Alternatives Of Network File System
CONTENTS OF THE REPORT List of contents... 1 The introduction 2 Sun Microsystems provides NFS version 4 5 The relation between the NFS server and Client file systems 6 Architecture of NFS 8 Alternative for NFS 9 What is CIFS (SMP)... 9 SMB Clients and Servers Currently Available 10 comparison between NFS and CIFS (SMP) 11 Conclusion. 15 Bibliography... 17 Introduction Since human beings have used ...
/usr/local contains users programs that you install from source. For example, when you install apache from source, it goes under /usr/local/apache2 10. /home – Home Directories Home directories for all users to store their personal files. For example: /home/john, /home/Jamie 11. /boot – Boot Loader Files Contains boot loader related files.
