Essentially, link refers to any cable between two devices, and node refers to any device. 77HTTP, the Hypertext Transfer Protocol, defines the rules by which a web browser can ask for a web page from a web server, and the rules a web server uses to send the web page back to the web browser. 107Every standard has two important features on which this book will focus. First, a standard documents ideas. Those ideas are the ideas that matter to anyone creating products to put in a network, or ideas that matter to people building a network.
107Beyond the ideas in a standard, people must agree to a particular version of document. 110The TCP/IP model organizes its standards into layers. The layers make TCP/IP easier for humans to understand what TCP/IP does. It also makes it easier to divide the work among different products. * – write protocols, – create standards, – how networks work* 162Simple Direct Current Circuit Using a Battery Current 169Encoding scheme – In networking, the encoding scheme defines the electrical equivalent: the electricity that means a 1 or a 0. *Interpreted between nodes.
* 171With full duplex, both endpoints can send at the same time, enabled because the endpoints use multiple wire pairs. Using multiple pairs allows multiple electrical circuits, so the encoders/decoders do not get confused. *for wires* 212802. 3 – Ethernet – Defines features specific to Ethernet 215Ethernet Bit Rates (Speeds) – Ethernet standards have seen a vast improvement since the IEEE first took over the Ethernet standardization process in 1980. The earliest improvements to Ethernet, in the 1980s, focused on cabling and topology.
The Term Paper on Backbone network
The chapter starts out explaining how a BN (Backbone Network) works. Backbone Network: Connecting all of the LANs of an organization entails another type of network (BN). A properly designed backbone network provides a high-speed circuit that serves as the central conduit across which the LANs of an organization can communicate. They can also be used to connect LANs within a building, across a ...
231Transmit on Pins 1, 2 | Receive on Pins 3, 6 – UTP unshielded twisted pair 258To truly answer the question of the range for a particular WLAN, the network engineer needs to do some testing called a wireless site survey (site survey).
The theoretical answer to the question of coverage area depends on many factors. A site survey bypasses some of the theory and simply tests to find out where the WLAN works and where it does not. 267The Wi-Fi Alliance works to make the wireless LAN industry a success.
*group of vendors* 278In WLANs, both the coverage area and speed depend on a variety of factors as well. If no other factors change, the farther a device moves away from the AP, the more likely the device will have to send at a slower rate. *20 feet, 70 feet, 150 feet all have access but 802. 11g* 315Dedicated circuit: A leased line. A circuit between two specific devices that telco never takes down. *24/7/365* 318Routers focus on forwarding IP packets to the right destination. IP, a Layer 3 protocol as compared to the OSI model, defines a header, with a source and destination IP address.
329Customer responsibility – Smart Jack RJ-48 Socket | Demarc | Smart Jack – Telco Responsibility 357Fiber Optics in the WAN, SONET defined a series of Layer 1 standards for much faster speeds using optical cabling. *pure digital technology: WAN Links* 377First and foremost, an IP address acts as a number to uniquely identify a host inside a TCP/IP network. Every device that wants to communicate inside a TCP/IP network must have an IP address, and the devices use that IP address when sending and receiving IP packets.
381Dynamic routing protocol – The purpose of the routing protocol application is to talk to other routers to learn routing information from each other. *route network packets more efficiently* 391First Octet: 128-191, Class: B 372DHCP – Used by a host to dynamically learn an IP address (and other information) it can use. 377First and foremost, an IP address acts as a number to uniquely identify a host inside a TCP/IP network. Every device that wants to communicate inside a TCP/IP network must have an IP address, and the devices use that IP address when sending and receiving IP packets.
The Term Paper on Host Computer Internet Network Information
... addresses and obtain access from Internet service providers. There are four ways to connect to the public Internet: by host, network, ... computer networks are local area networks (LAN), private branch exchange (PBX) networks, and wide-area networks (WAN). LANs interconnect devices with ... computers connected to the internet a recalled hosts. Computers that route data, or data packets, to other computers a ...
379IP hosts play a small role with IP routing. When sending an IP packet, the host thinks about whether the destination address of the IP packet is on the same LAN as the sending host. IF it is on the same LAN, the sender just sends the packet directly to the other host. If not, the sending host sends the IP packet to a router connected to the local LAN and lets the router deal with the question of where to send the IP packet next. 436The term Internet edge refers to the part of the Internet topology between an ISP and the ISP customer.
438Enterprises use many security measures and devices to make the Internet connection more secure, including using both firewalls and intrustion prevention systems (IPS).
As usual, both functions can exist as either a standalone device or as one function of an integrated single device. Both typically sit inside the enterprise, near the Internet edge. 445Creating the Internet Core: Connections Between Large ISPs 457To support the ability to send data, CATV researchers came up with a way to use some frequency channels for data instead of video.
461A businessperson could literally pull over by the side of the road, pull out his laptop or tablet, and connect to a WLAN created by his own mobile phone. The traffic from his laptop would flow into his phone using the WLAN and then out through the wireless WAN to the Internet. *4G LTE* 467At the end of this administrative process, each company had a class A, B, or C IP address. Those IP addresses, called public IP addresses because they could be used in packets sent to the rest of humanity, should have been unique in the Internet.
*private IP addresses are not routable across the Internet* 489While CIDR attacked the IPv4 address exhaustion problem by reducing waste, Network Address Translation (NAT) attacked the problem by greatly reducing the number of unique IP addresses needed by each company or home network. Every device still needs an IP address, but NAT creates a way for multiple client hosts (hosts that act only as clients and not as servers) to share a unique public IP address. As a result, enterprises need fewer public IP addresses, and each enterprise can use a smaller CIDR block. *IPv4* 494Class C – All that begin with 192.
The Term Paper on History Of The Internet 5
The technology revolution is upon us. In the past there have been many triumphs in the world of technology. To this date, people are able to communicate over thousands of miles with the greatest of ease. The Internet connects nearly 400 million users worldwide and is an essential part of how we work, play, communicate, and conduct commerce. We use the Internet in ways that seemed unimaginable The ...
168 (192. 168. 0. 0) 516Delivering data between that process and some matching process on another computer *provides a delivery service that recovers and resends lost data* 517Both TCP and UDP use port numbers to identify the application processes in each flow. By assigning each process a port number, and including that number in the TCP or UDP header, the transport protocol can identify the specific computer (host) process that either sent the data (source port) or needs to receive the data (destination port).
518TCP Ports: 1024 —- 5. 5. 5. 5 —- TCP Ports:80 524Type: Well-known, Port Number Range: 0-1023
529TCP segmentation: TCP on the sending host breaks the larger data into pieces of a size of TCP MSS (or smaller) when creating the original TCP segments. 5331. Send data in TCP segments with sequence numbers. 2. Expect to receive an ACK with the next sequence number. 3. * If the sender does not receive an ACK with the expected value, or receives no ACK in a reasonable time, resend TCP segments. 534UDP does not offer a guaranteed delivery service to applications. *does not guarantee transmission of data* 531TCP provides a guaranteed delivery service to all applications that use TCP, whereas UDP does not.
