While the majority of end user these days have hand held cellular devices, many of them think it ends there. Most cellular calls still end up utilizing the fixed wires that have been installed worldwide. While cellular coverage can degrade and is even non-existent in some areas of the United States, the copper cables and fiber that have been installed since the late over the last century plus are there to pick up these users.
When first thinking of fixed line networks they think of the coaxial cable (coax) which connects to their television and twisted pair terminated with a RG-11 plug for their phones and faxes. There two variation of coax that are used in networking, thicknet (RG8) and thinnet (RG58).
The RG6 cable is what most people are familiar with; this is what is used from the demarcation point to the customer by most cable providers. RG59 can be used in homes as a cheaper alternative to the more expensive cable since there is a much shorter distance to travel. The cost per foot of coaxial cable varies with type, amount purchase and the vendor. It can be as low as eight cents per foot and be as high as three dollars a foot. (Price Machine)
Twisted pair comes in two varieties, shield (STP) and unshielded (UTP).
The name describes the cabling completely, there are two pairs of cables twisted together in order to reduce cross talk between the wires. Phone line in houses and businesses still use USP for analog telephone and fax machines to this day. UTP comes in many varieties and is constantly being built upon. Cat5e, Cat6, Cat7, and now Cat 8 cables are available to businesses and end users today. With this standard pushing 40 Gigabytes per second the only question remains is what are the full limitations of copper? STP is nothing more than adding extra shielding to reduce crosstalk in the UTP standards. These are extremely cost effective networking cables and are easier to install than coax. Twisted pair is more pliable which allows it to pull around corners and trough drilled holes much easier than coax does. Cat5e can be as low as seventeen cents a foot, while cat7 shielded twisted pair goes for eighty-eight cents a foot.
The Term Paper on The Ethernet Twisted Pair
Bob Metcalfe of the Xerox Corporation developed the first experimental Ethernet system in late 1972. The goal of the Ethernet was to interconnect the Xerox Alto Aloha Network. The experimental Ethernet was used to link Altos workstations, servers, and laser printers. Data transmission of the Ethernet was 2. 94 Mbps. In 1973, Metcalfe changed the name to 'Ethernet,' to make it clear that the system ...
After looking at the copper solutions for fixed line networks, one must take into consideration the capabilities of a fiber network. At first the initial investment in fiber is very high the reward is beyond compare to copper. Instead of radio frequency fiber uses light pulses transmitted though glass. There are two cables, one to send a signal and one to receive a signal. The two standards are single mode and multimode fiber. Single mode only uses one ray of light which has the capabilities of transmitting over two kilometers. Multimode uses multiple rays of light transmitted at different angles, which limits the distance of multimode fiber. One needs to take in local labor rates for installing and terminating fiber because labor rates vary from region to region. Fiber cabling transmits at a minimum of 1000MBs per second and cost a dollar per foot for single mode and three dollars per foot for
multi mode. (Price Machine) Now for cellular networks, I will try my best to do justice to the networks as a skeptic of overall speed and security. First focus will be on the overall speed of the top four carriers in the United States and their rate speeds as tested by PC magazine 2014. Fastest 4G LTE networks nationally of 2014.
While an individual looks at these speeds they find them acceptable, but these speeds come at a cost. T-Mobile’s network offers unlimited data for an extra fifteen dollars a month for 5GB of data, then drops you down to a data rate they do not disclose. I personally know this being a T-Mobile customer. Verizon, Sprint, and AT&T have removed their unlimited plans, unless you were a previous customer with an unlimited plan. They have also put a cap on their unlimited data and drop their user down to a lesser data rate that is undisclosed. I have searched extensively and cannot find these actual rates anywhere.
The Term Paper on Neural Network Networks Data 61663
The Artificial Neural Networks: Introduction Artificial Neural Networks ANNs) are computation paradigms, in simple terms -computer based software systems, which implement simplified models of their bio logical counter parts i. e. the biological neural networks. They can be created and trained to analyze data to recognize trends based on observation data, immense applications exist in the ...
While the cost of infrastructure of a purely cellular network seems extremely cost effective in the beginning, a business or even end users pay for it in the long haul. Even if each device a business or end user tries to outright buy to avoid contracts they end up paying higher rates for not locking into a contract. If one chooses a contract the device they receive become obsolete in a matter of months. Their employees and end users end up desiring as Samsung states “the next big thing”. This phenomenon causes both businesses and end user to pay countless dollars into an already erupting market, so when does it stop? The answer is it will not.
With the introduction of the newest I-Phone we see that people will purchase these items just to resell them to others in a different country to turn a profit. This is actually destroying economies if you actually compare the cost of communication from 1980 to what we pay today in 2014. It is an astronomical difference.
As for the security aspect of these devices and the earlier referenced fixed line networks, there is really no comparison. The encryption from a cellular phone to a tower does not exist. It is a plain text signal that can be intercepted by anyone scanning that particular radio frequency. This is why cellular phone spoofing is such an issue, though cellular phone companies have tried to combat this with unique sim cards and IMEI numbers, these can still be intercepted identified and spoofed.
With fixed line networks they can be secured in layers and also files can produce cyclic redundancy codes if there is an error. With AES 256 encryption data can be so secure that by the time it is decrypted the data has become obsolete. With encryption and decryption comes latency on networks and overall performance of computers, but you get the peace of mind that the data is protected and is in its original form.
The Essay on Cellular Phone 911 Service Location
The FCC E 911 Regulation is Essential for Consumers and Telecommunications Industry In June of 1996, the FCC proposed a mandate for E-911 services. The wireless E 911 order provides value-added service for all cellular phone users and consumers. This regulation has designed to implement 911 requirements for cellular, PCS and SMR carriers. The FCC has established telecommunication regulations to ...
While I do not like the lack of security for cellular networks the need is very apparent. For a company to choose either a completely fixed line network or completely cellular network is a horrible argument. There is a need for both in any business. Many laptop computers these days incorporate a slot for a SIM card to be inserted to allow the device to access mobile networks.
For a new company offering a Skype type of network one must analyze exactly what they want to achieve in the long run. If high-definition teleconferencing is their goal, they need to build more of a fixed based infrastructure to allow for more bandwidth. Although if peer to peer and social media is their goal, a cellular based infrastructure will certainly support what they are after.
References
(n.d.).
Retrieved from Price Machine: http://www.pricemachine.com Clark, G. E. (2009).
COMPTIA NETWORK+. New York: McGraw Hill. SEGAN, S. (2013, November 22).
The Best Cheap Prepaid Phone Plans You’ve Never Heard Of. Retrieved from PCmag.com: http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2375644,00.asp SEGAN, S. (2014, June 11).
Fastest Mobile Networks 2014. Retrieved from PCmag.com: http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0%2c2817%2c2459186%2c00.asp
