Francis Fukuyama and Samuel Huntington are two of the most controversial and influential modern political theorists of our times. Fukuyama’s book, The End of History and the Last Man, and Huntington’s book, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, pose two very conflicting theories on international relations. In this paper I will summarize and compare / contrast the two theories. Both theories, written since the fall of communism and updated since the first gulf war, have been widely read, taught, praised and criticized The End of History and the Last Man is a book in which Francis Fukuyama argues the controversial thesis that the end of history, a time when class distinctions no longer exist, believing them to be the cause of the evolution of everything that has existed in society up in till that point, is among us.’ What we may be witnessing in not just the end of the Cold War, or the passing of a particular period of post-war history, but the end of history as such: that is, the end point of mankind’s ideological evolution and the universalization of Western liberal democracy as the final form of human government.’ Fukuyama’s thesis consists of two main elements. Firstly, Fukuyama points out that since the beginning of the nineteenth century democracy is the only intellectual expected system of government. Secondly, Fukuyama sees history as consisting of tension between two classes: the one in control and the one being controlled.
The Essay on An Overview of the Pericles’ Policy from History of the Peloponnesian War
In this paper, there will be a discussion on The Policy of Pericles, found in Book II of Thucydides' “History of the Peloponnesian War.” A general overview will be provided.Thucydides provided us with a comprehensive record of the Peloponnesian War, documenting its events, and major characters, for the world to know centuries after. In Book II of his history, the general Pericles dies, and in ...
Ultimately these two groups must manage to live in peace together or become one in the same in order for a society to function. To understand Fukuyama’s theory one must look beyond the specific words. Fukuyama is not claiming that history has or will end and that occurrences of history will cease to exist. He is saying that democracy is such a perfect and Idealistic form of rule that no major change in political philosophy can happen in the future. Historical occurrences will still exist, but they will be within the realm of the current political philosophical thought. Fukuyama goes even further to prove his point by showing that the new philosophies on government created since the oncoming of democracy, (Communism, Socialism, etc.
) have ultimately failed and democracy has prevailed in its place. In the Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, Samuel Huntington argues that the primary political actors in the 21 st century will be civilizations and that the primary conflicts will be conflicts between these civilizations rather then between nation states. Huntington Writes:” It is my hypothesis that the fundamental source of conflict in this new world will not be primarily ideological or primarily economic. The great divisions among humankind and the dominating source of conflict will be cultural. Nation states will remain the most powerful actors in world affairs, but the principal conflicts of global politics will occur between nations and groups of different civilizations.
The clash of civilizations will dominate global politics. The fault lines between civilizations will be the battle lines of the future.” Huntington argues that world conflicts have occurred along borders between civilizations with very little fighting within civilizations. In Huntington’s theories the main factors that define “civilizations” is religion and its affect on culture. Meaning not specifically battles between different religious groups but rather battles between different schools of thought. In Huntington’s theory Jews and Christians would likely not have conflict because although they are two different religions they are both rooted in modern western democratic thought. Huntington mainly sights Islam as the rising proponent of conflict in the world.
The Essay on Contributions of Chinese Civilization to the Modern World
Contributions of Chinese Civilization to The Modern World The ancient Chinese civilization had a great impact in the modern world. They invented many things that are still in use today. There are very important contributions like paper, tea, process of printing, the water clock, the sundial, the chain pump and medicines based on herb and minerals. The greatest Chinese invention is the development ...
Noting Islam’s anti-western leaning as the only notable opposition to the west. While Huntington also cites various conflicts over human rights, weapons proliferation’s disarmament, and trade conflicts, his theory mainly consist of conflict between western and anti-western thought. Both Huntingotn and Fukuyama acknowledges the power of technological and economic globalization in their texts. Huntington stresses that modernization is the man driving force behind the rise of fundamentalism because it does more to point out the intrinsic differences in cultures. Fukuyama, also acknowledges the importance of modernism and globalization’s to prove his point that globalization is a testimony that culture is becoming one because no new major changes in political thought are going to occur.
