Glacial deposition forms a variety of landforms. These can be formed out of till which is all material directly deposited by a glacier, or out of fluvio-glacial material which is material deposited by meltwater streams (e.g. Kame Terraces.) There are two types of till; Ablation till which is material deposited by stagnant or retreating glaciers, or Lodgement till which is material deposited by advancing glaciers.
Moraine is the general term for material of all shapes and sizes once transported by glaciers or ice sheets that have now melted away. There are two types of moraine which exist only whilst the glacier exists. These two are called supraglacial moraine, and englacial moraine. Supraglacial moraine is material on the surface of the glacier made up of loose rock debris and dust. This forms other types of moraine later e.g. lateral and terminal when the glacier starts to retreat. Englacial moraine is any material trapped in the ice. It includes material that’s fallen down crevasses and the rocks being scraped along the valley floor. Moraine landforms can be found all over the world, but two examples would be by the Gorner Glacier in Switzerland and the Baffin Island glacier in Canada. There are six different types of moraine which form recognisable landforms, each differing in how and where it was deposited.
The first type is ground moraine. This is when the glacier the material was being carried on is in retreat and deposits the material during melting, scattering it irregularly across the valley floor. The next type of moraine is Terminal moraine. This is when there’s a balance between the advance and melting of the glacier, so the glacier becomes stagnant. All debris carried ontop of (supraglacial) within (englacial) and underneath the glacier (subglacial) is deposited at the snout of the glacier – at the glaciers point of maximum advance before the glacier starts to retreat. As the glacier retreats, in each still stand more material is deposited. This creates a series of ridges running across the valley floor in line with the terminal moraine. This is called Recessional moraine.
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Push moraines are only formed by glaciers that have retreated and then advance again. This shows us that the climate became poorer again after a relatively warm period as the glacier is advancing again. Push moraine is material that is at the snout of the glacier that is pushed forwards by the advancing glacier. It looks like a ridge of moraine within stones tilted upwards. The material pushed can be anything, e.g. trees. Material that had already been deposited is shoved up into a pile as the ice advances. Because most moraine material was deposited by the material falling down not being pushing up, there are key differences in the orientation of rocks in a push moraine compared to a terminal moraine. A key feature enabling a push moraine to be identified is individual rocks that have been pushed upwards from their original horizontal positions. Push moraines are useful in the scientific world, as they show valuable information about how glaciers interact with the land they advance into.
lateral moraine is formed when the weathering (usually frost shattering) of the valley sides causes fragments to fall onto the edge of the glacier. This is the glaciers accumulation zone. It travels into the glaciers ablation zone where it is carried, and then deposited along the valley edges due to melting.
Medial moraine is formed from two lateral moraines. When two glaciers meet they combine together and the lateral moraine from each joins together. This forms one line of moraine down the middle of where the two glaciers have converged. By medial moraine existing, its evidence that the glacier has more than one source. When the ice melts it forms a ridge of moraine down the valley centre.
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Another glacial depositional landform is a drumlin. They are one type of landform which indicates continental ice sheet glaciation as the total depth of glacial deposits can be hundreds of feet deep. Drumlins are made from ground moraine, which is streamlined by advancing ice. It is an elongated whale shaped hill, with a ‘blunt’ or steeper side, and a flatter, longer side. The long axis is parallel with the movement of the ice, and the steeper side faces the way the glacier has come from. They can be more than 30m high, and up to 800m long. They are often found in drumlin fields which can have dozens to hundreds of drumlins. They are all similarly shaped, sized and oriented hills. However, the formation method is controversial as there are many for and against arguments. There are many theories on their origin, some of which include glacial erosion, glacial deposition, glacial meltwater erosion and glacial meltwater deposition. Drumlins can be found all over the world, but a good example is in Clew Bay in Ireland.
Another glacial landform is an Erratic. It is a boulder transported and deposited by a glacier. Its been suggested that a landslide or a rock fall causes the rock to land on top of the glacier. The erratic has a lithology different to the bedrock upon which it is left on. Erratics are useful indicators of patterns of former ice flow. Although the majority of boulders are transported by a glacier, some may have been taken to their current location by icebergs floating over lakes or down streams or rivers. Other erratics, could have been buried in the glacial deposits, and could have worked their way up to the land surface as the surrounding soil repeatedly froze and thawed. When the ground freezes, pieces of rock tend to be pushed upwards. Erratics can range in size from pebbles to massive pieces.
