GREECE AND ROME
RELIGION
THE ANCIENT GREEKS AND ANCIENT ROMANS LIVED THROUGHOUT
THE TIMES OF 800B.C. AND 476A.D. THE GREEKS WHO INHABITTED THE
CITY-STATES OF SPARTA AND ATHENS, AND THE ROMANS WHO LIVED, OF
COURSE, IN ROME. THE GREEKS AND ROMANS WERE DIFFERENT IN THEIR
VIEWS OF RELIGION AS SEEN IN ARCHITECTURE, SCULPTURE AND
PHILOSOPHY.
ARCHITECTURE
POST-MODERNISM CAN BE TRACED BACK TO THE SUPREME
ARCHITECTURAL ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE GREEKS. THE GREATEST OF
THESE WAS THE TEMPLE. THE TEMPLE WAS A SACRED STRUCTURE
DESIGNED TO HOUSE THE CULT STATUES AND CIVIC DIETIES. THEESE
EARLY HOUSES OF WORSHIP WERE MOST LIKELY MADE OF WOOD, WHICH
EXPLAINS WHY NONE OF THESE GREEK TEMPLES REMAIN TODAY.
HOWEVER, AS THE GREEKS BECAME MORE POWERFUL AND MORE
WEALTHY EACH POLIS REBUILT ITS WOODEN TEMPLES WITH NEW ONES
MADE FROM STONE. THE EARLIEST TEMPLE FORM WAS CALLED DORIC.
IT WAS SIMPLE IN DESIGN AND VERY LITTLE DETAIL. LATER THE GREEKS
BECAME MORE INTERESTED IN THE MATHEMATICAL PROPORTIONS OF
THE TEMPLE. THIS WAS ACCOMPLISHED BY USING A RATIO BETWEEN
THE NUMBER OF COLUMNS ON EACH SIDE OF THE BUILDING. THIS
BECAME A STANDARD IN GREEK ARCHITECTURE. EVEN BEFORE THE
TEMPLE, ANCIENT GREECE HAD SANCTUARIES. THESE WERE PLACES
THAT WERE CONSIDERED SACRED FOR A GOD OR GODESS. LATER IN THE
GREEK EMPIRE, WITH THE RISE OF THE POLIS, THE IDEA OF A HOLY PLACE
The Essay on Ancient Roman Architecture Octavian Augustus Caesar
... Roman architecture were adapted. Which gives some early Roman architecture some characteristics of oriental architecture because of Greek contact with the Orient. The heart of Roman architecture ... ancient Romans are famous for many things. One thing is their adaptation and development of architecture. From the Etruscans and early tribes the Romans ... Forum, aqueducts, temples, jetties, safe ports, ...
AWAY FROM THE HASSELS OF EVERYDAY LIFE WAS FITTED TO THE NEEDS
OF EACH COMMUNITY. EACH POLIS HAD ITS OWN SACRED AREA,
USUALLY ON A HILL OR PROTECTED FROM SOME SORTOF DIVIDING
BARRIER, WHICH CONTAINED BUILDINGS AND ALTARS. THIS IS WHERE
ONE GOD OR GODESS WAS SINGLED OUT AS PATRON, ALTHOUGH THEY
WORSHIPPED THE ENTIRE PANTHEON OF GODS. THE TEMPLE WAS BUILT
IN THIS AREA TO HOUSE THE PATRON STATUE. LATER YET, IN THE GREEK
EMPIRE, THE ALTAR BECAME A MORE IMPORTANT FEATURE IN GREEK
ARCHITECTURE. THE ALTAR IS THE OLDEST RELIGIOUS STRUCTURE IN
THE GREEK WORLD AND IT WAS THE SITE IN WHICH HOLY SACRIFICES
AND OFFERINGS WERE MADE. THE ALTAR WAS SECOND IN IMPORTANCE
ONLY TO THE TEMPLE. DURING THIS TIME TEMPLES WERE BUILT
MASSIVE IN SIZE AND ELABORATE IN DECORATION. THIS WAS TO SHOW
POWER AND WEALTHINESS.
THE ROMANS LIKE THE GREEKS USED THE TEMPLE AST HE CHEIF
ARCHITECTURAL FORM. BUT, UNLIKE IN EARLIER GREECE, ROME WAS
THE CENTRAL NUCLEUS OF THE STATE’S RELIGION, RATHER THAN EACH
POLIS SUPPRORTING ITS OWN. IN THE HEART OF THE CITY THERE WAS A
FORUM. THIS WAS A PLACE WHERE CITIZENS CONDUCTED BUSINESS, RAN
THE GOVERNMENT, AND WHERE THE HIGH PRIEST RESIDED. THE FORUM
BECAME A SYMBOL OF ROMAN POWER AND CIVILIZATION. IN LATER
ROME, CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE UNDERWENT MAJOR
TRASFORMATIONS. CLASSICAL FORMS AND VALUES YEILDED TO A
SYBOLIC REALISM IN ARCHITECTURE. DURING THE FIFTH CENTURY
BISHOPS BEGAN TO DISAGREE WITH THE EMPERORS IN THE EVOLVING OF
CHRISTIAN CENTERS OF WORSHIP. FORMERLY CHURCHES WERE IN THE
FORMS OF PRIVATE ROOMS IN HOUSES, ISOLATED BUILDINGS, AND
CONVERTED PAGAN TEMPLES. THESE WERE ALL ABANDONED IN FAVER
OF STANDARDIZED STRUCTURES SUCH AS BAPTISTERIES AND BASILICAS.
ARCHITECTS TRAVELED THROUGHOUT THE EMPIRE GLORIFING THE NEW
RELIGION OF CHRISTIANITY. A BAPTISTERY WAS A SMALL POLYGONAL
STRUCTURE USUALLY TOPPED WITH A DOME THAT WAS SEPPERATED
FROM THE MAIN CHURCH WHERE BAPTISMS WERE PERFORMED. THEY
WERE SEPERATED FROM THE MAIN CHURCH BECAUSE CHRISTIANS
BELIEVED THAT THE UNBAPTIZED WERE UNWORTHY TO ENTER THE
The Essay on The Contributions And Achievements Of The Ancient Hebrews, Greeks, And Romans.
The Hebrews, Greeks, and Romans were all key civilizations pertaining to the molding of civilizations to follow. They all contributed certain aspects of their lives to other civilizations and also achieved great tasks while their civilizations thrived. The Hebrews contributed one of the greatest things any ancient society could give. Their religion, Judaism, and also the key idea of monotheism; ...
SANCTUARY AND MINGLE WITH ITS MEMBERS. THE BASILICA WAS A
RECTANGULAR STRUCTURE THAT INCLUDED AN APSE AT ONE OR BOTH
ENDS USED AT FIRST BY ROMANS FOR PUBLIC PURPOSES AND LATER BY
CHRISTIANS FOR WORSHIP. THE FLOOR PLAN FOR THE BASILICA BECAME
THE BASIC FLOORPLAN FOR ALL CHRISTIAN CHURCHES.
SCULPTURE
THE GLORY OF GREECE WAS IN ITS SCULPTURE. THE FIGURES OF
THE 7TH AND 6TH CENTURIES BC LACK LIFE AND MOVEMENT; THEIR
FACES WEAR THE FROZEN SMILE PECULIAR TO ARCHAIC SCULPTURE.
EVEN SO, THESE EARLY CRAFTSMEN, WHOSE NAMES ARE LOST WITH THE
TEMPLES THEY DECORATED, SHOW SENSITIVITY TO THE QUALITIES OF
MARBLE AND A SUPERB SENSE OF DESIGN. AS IF TO MAKE UP FOR THE
LACK OF LIFE IN THEIR STATUES, ARCHAIC SCULPTORS SOUGHT
NATURALISM BY PAINTING THEM. GREEK SCULPTURE ROSE TO ITS
HIGHEST ACHIEVEMENT IN THE 5TH CENTURY BC, WHEN THE SPIRIT OF
GREECE ITSELF WAS AT ITS HEIGHT. OF THE TEMPLES BUILT IN THIS
“GOLDEN AGE” OF PERICLES, THE FINEST WAS THE PARTHENON,
DEDICATED TO ATHENA, GODDESS OF ATHENS. IT WAS ORNAMATED BY
THE MASTER OF GREEK SCULPTURE, PHIDIAS. EVEN PHIDIAS COULD
HAVE NOT DONE ALL OF THE SCULTPTURES IN THE ENTIRE PARTHENON,
AND ONLY HERE AND THERE CAN THE SCULPTURES OF HIS HAND BE
MADE SURE THAT THEY ARE INDEED HIS. “THE THREE FATES”, DESIGNED
TO FIT THE TRIANGULAR SPACE OF THE PEDIMENT, ARE GENERALLY
BELIEVED TO BE THE FINEST TREATMENT OF DRAPERY IN SCULPTURE.
DRAMATIC GESTURES AND DECORATIVE DETAIL REPLACED THE QUIET
DIGNITY AND RESTRAINT OF THE EAIRLIER DAYS OF GREECE.
IN THE FOURTH CENTURY THE ROMAN EMPIRE ACCEPTED
CHRISTIANITY AS ITS RELIGION. THIS MEANT A NEW KIND OF ART.
SCULPTURE, LIKE ARCHITECTURE AND PHILOSOPHY, TURNED TO THE
CHURCH, AND THE CHURCH, FACED WITH THE NEED OF INTERPRETING
THE NEW RELIGION FOR GREAT MASSES OF PEOPLE, USED THE ARTS TO A
GOOD ADVANTAGE. RELIGIOUS IS SUBJECT MATTER, SCULPTURE WAS
CLOSELY RELATED TO CHURCH ARCHITECTURE. ROMAN SCULPTURE
PASSED THROUGH THREE DEFINITE STAGES. THE FIRST, WAS
INFLUENCED BY THE DEATH MASKS MADE FOR THE FAMILY GALLERY AS
The Essay on Roman Art Vs. Greek Art
... -Graves Western Civilization 10/29/00 Roman Art Vs. Greek Art Throughout history art has consistently reflected the cultural ... later developed into a branch of philosophy known as Aesthetics. Aesthetics studied the ... of mathematical proportions. The Doryphoros, a sculpture done by Polycleatus himself, serves as ... world shows the importance of intellectualism in this great culture. In contrast, Roman art ...
PART OF ANCESTOR WORSHIP. THE SECOND STAGE REPRESENTS A TYPE
OF REALISTIC SCULPTURE WITH A SENSE OF UNEASE. THE THIRD WAS
SHAPED UNDER THE RULE OF AUGUSTUS. UNDER HIS DICTATION,
IMPERIAL SCULPTURE TO DISPLACING THE REALISTIC ART OF THE LATE
REPUBLIC. LATER IN ROMAN ART, IN ADDITION TO FREE-STANDING
SCULPTURES, RELIEF SCULPTURES BECAME TO BE MORE POPULAR.
CHRISTIAN ART WAS UNDERGOING AESTHETIC CHANGES. IT BECAME
MORE AND MORE IMPRESSIONISTIC, USING THE SIMPLEST DETAILS TO
CREATE AN ILLUSION OF REALITY, IN STYLE. SIMPLE REPRESENTATIONS
OF JESUS AND THE APOSTLES HAD BECOME COMMON IN THE CHURCH.
BIBLICAL SCENES, IN PARTICULAR THOSE DETAILING THE LIFE AND
MIRACLES OF JESUS, WERE BEGINING TO APPEAR ON SARCOPHAGI
THROUGHOUT THE EMPIRE, ILLUSTRAING THE COMPLEX THEMES AND
MESSAGES OF THE NEW FAITH.
PHILOSOPHY
IN GREEK PHILOSOPHY THERE WERE THREE MAJOR GROUPS OF
PHILOSOPHERS. THE PRE-SOCRATICS, THE SOPHISTS, AND THE SOCRATIC
REVOLUTION. THE PRE-SOCRATIC THINKERS WERE CONCERNED WITH
DETERMINING THE NATURE OF THE PHISICAL WORLD. FOLLOWERS IN
ELEA THOUGHT THAT THE WORLD WAS A SINGLE, UNCHANGING OBJECT
WHOSE ORDER COULD COULD BE KNOWN THROUGH HUMAN REASON.
ANOTHER GROUP THE ATOMISTS BELIEVED THAT EVERYTHING WAS
COMPOSED OF ATOMS; ETERNAL, INVISIBLE BODIES OF VARYING SIZE
THAT COULD NOT BE DIVIDED INTO SMALLER UNITS; AND THE SPACE
BETWEEN THEM. THE MOVEMENT AND THE SHAPE OF THE ATOMS WERE
SUFFICIENT TO EXPLAIN EVERY ASPECT OF THE PHYSICAL WORLD. THE
SOPHISTS PLACED THEIR EMPHASIS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF
PRACTICAL SKILLS, AND COMMITTED TO HUMANISTIC VALUES. THEY
THOUGHT AS HUMANS TO BE THE CENTER OF THE UNIVERSE, AND TO
HAVE THE POWER TO MAKE JUDGEMENTS ABOUT THEMSELVES AND
THEIR WORLD. THIS WENT AGAINST TRADITIONAL GREEK VALUES THAT
GODS CONTROLLED EVERYTHING. THE SOCRATIC REVOLUTION WAS LED
BY SOCRATES, A THINKER WHO LAUNCHED A NEW ERA IN PHILOSOPHY.
HE FOCUSED ON HUMAN PROBLEMS AND TO EMPOWER INDIVIDUALS TO
MAKE THEIR OWN MORAL CHOICES. SOCRATES METHOD FOR ARRIVING
AT TRUE MORAL AND INTELLECTUAL VALUES WAS FIRST BEING
The Essay on Aims Khurso Roman Thought
? Dearth contemporary sources, mainly Romans ones, require careful evaluation, . ? Dio says that? threatening to recover everything which the Persians of old once used to possess as far as the Hellenic sea, as his rightful inheritance form his forebears? ? Shapur II maintains to Costanitius II? even your ancient records acknowledge that my forefathers held sway as far as the river Strymon and the ...
IMMORTAL, UNLIKE THE GODS. THOSE WHO WANT WISDOM MUST
PROTECT THEIR PHYCHES BY GIVING THEIR MIND THE MAXIMUM
AMOUNT OF KNOWLEDGE. SOCRATES BELIEVED IN ESSENTIAL
GOODNESS OF HUMAN NATURE AND THE NECESSITY OF WELL-DEFINED
KNOWLEDGE THROUGH PERSONAL STRUGGLE TO SELF-ENLIGHTMENT.
THE ROMAN EMPIRE ONLY HAD TWO TYPES OF PHILOSOPHY,
STOCISM AND NEO-PLATONISM. STOCISM WAS THE MOST POPULAR AND
INFLUENTIAL OF THE TWO. IT FOCUSED ON ADVOCATING A STRAINED
WAY OF LIFE, A RESIGNATION TO DISSAPPOINTMENTS, AND A
RESOLUTION TO CARRY OUT ONE’S PERSONAL RESPOSIBILITIES.
STOICISM APPEALED TO THE MAJORITY OF THE ROMANS AND PLAYED AN
IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE EARLY CHRISTIAN THOUGHT. NEO-PLATONISM
WAS A SCHOOL OF THOUGHT FOUNDED PRIMARILYBY PLOTINUS. HIS
PHILOSOPHY WAS CONCERNED IN BRIDGING THE WORLDS OF IDEAS AND
THE PERISHABLE MATERIAL WORLD. NEO-PLATONISM BRIDGED THE TWO
WORLDS NOT WITH LOGICAL ANALYSIS BUT WITH MYSTICAL INSIGHT,
CLAIMING THAT THE UNION OF THE PHYSICAL AND SPIRITUAL WORLDS
COULD BE GRASPED ONLY THROUGH AN ECSTATIC VISION.
AS YOU CAN SEE THE ANCIENT GREEKS AND THE ANCIENT ROMANS
WERE DIFFERENT IN MANY CHARACTERISTICS. YOU HAVE CLEARLY
BEEN ABLE TO SEE THE DISTINCT DIFFERENCES OF RELIGION AS SEEN IN
ARCHITECTURE, SCULPTURE, AND PHILOSOPHY.
