Greek Vase Painting In modern society, Greek pottery is considered an art which is regarded as much for its aesthetic splendor as its historical significance. However, the role of pottery in ancient Greek culture was far more functional as its primary use was for the transportation and storage of such liquids as water and wine (Encyclopedia Britannica).
Due to the durability of the fired clay material, Greek pottery is the only remaining art form that allows us to explore the evolution of this ancient culture. Through that examination, three distinct stylistic periods have been unveiled: Geometric, Orientalizing and Archaic. This analysis will detail these distinct periods as well as three design techniques prevalently used: black figure, red figure and white ground The first definable period of Greek pottery, Geometric (c.
900-700 BCE), accounts for the majority of ancient vase painting still in existence today; and as such, affords us the broadest view into this art form. The period attributes its name to the geometric forms that artists used to detail their vessels. The primary decorative motifs that distinguish the period include parallel lines, concentric (Metropolitan Museum of Art) rituals as depicted in this K rater from 750 BCE which is characteristic of this era. The primary scene that occupies the widest portion of this particular vase depicts a deceased body placed on its side on a funeral bier surrounded by family members and mourners.
The Essay on Greek and Roman Art
Art has changed a great deal since it began many centuries ago. Centuries, however, are not necessary to notice the small changes that are evident even between cultures of similar times. Such is the case with the Greeks and Romans. Both cultures had exquisite pieces of art, but they were very different from each other. The amazing thing about art is that no matter how many differences exist, ...
The secondary zone below details a procession of horse drawn chariots and soldiers carrying hourglass shields. The illustration of people and animals is both abstract and two-dimensional as artists of the Geometric era regularly used triangular torsos and long thin arms and legs (Stokstad, 160).
The second distinct period which originated in Corinth in 700 BCE and spanned one hundred years is now known as the Orientalizing period. This period gets its name from the introduction of Egyptian and Eastern influences on Greek pottery during this time.
The impact of foreign styles lead to the introduction of the black-figure technique that has come to epitomize the era. In Black-figure painting, figures and ornaments were drawn in silhouette on the natural clay surface of the vase in a black pigment before being fired in a kiln. Then, using a sharp tool called a stylus the detail was incised into the vessel removing the black pigment leaving behind the original color. The new style was a stark contrast to the dense designs of the Geometric period that allowed for more open composition built around larger scale images. Processions of animals, both real and legendary (sphinxes, griffins, and sirens), would typically serve as the focal point in the main frieze of an Orientalizing piece (Chamoux, 21-24).
While artists took inspiration from more natural resources such as lotus flowers, palmette’s, and rosettes and incorporated them into surrounding images of their work to create a serene background.
(The British Museum, London) In contrast to the previous vase from the Geometric period, this pitcher has much more curvilinear elements and more negative space, two elements prominent to the Orientalizing period. The third and final period, the Archaic period (c. 600-480 BCE), exemplifies the contrast of the art of that time and the art of the following period (Classical).
During the Archaic period, Athens became the center for pottery manufacturing and trade in Greece. Artists were now commissioned to produce fine pottery and vessels which lead to the now common practice of an artist signing their name on their works (Stokstad, 152 -172).
The Essay on Greek Vases
... workshops continued to produce black-glazed or relief potteries. Greek vases produced after the orientalizing period have figured scenes of everyday life ... Markets were occupied by the vases of Corinth, where the black-figure technique red-figure was invented and exported all ... tool. Red-figure is a reserved technique of a black figure. The outlines of the figure was drawn and details were painted ...
Throughout the evolution of Greek pottery, the number of bands on the vases decreased until only one large central image was depicted; this is a key design element of the Archaic period. (Metropolitan Museum of Art) Red-figure pottery was invented in Athens in the latter part of this period in 530 BCE and is the inverse of black-figure, in which a red figure appears light against the black background. The details are then painted on in black with a brush allowing for more subtle characterization than with in incising tool (Encyclopedia Britannica).
The red figure technique created the most natural and realistic rendering of the human figure. In this Calyx-k rater (ca.
515 BCE: fighting for the Trojans. Watching over the scene is Hermes, the messenger of the gods who is identified by his winged hat and caduceus (Stokstad, 176).
The composition of the vase is shown through the use of horizontals and verticals, taking into account the shape of the vase, the artist creates a perfect balance. The intricate detailing and feeling of lightness can only be achieved with the red-figure technique as apposed to the previous vase in this period, done with black-figure that has more weight to figures and not so much detail. The evolution of vase painting is concluded with a technique known as white-ground. This style came about during the Classical period in the fifth century BCE.
The white ground techniques of this period, a specialty of Athenian painters, are much more complex than the first attempts during the seventh century BCE. Both black and red-figure techniques were used to create the white-ground pottery. One of the most popular shapes was the Lekythos, a tall, slender vase used to pour liquids during religious and funeral rituals (Stokstad, 197), but they are also found in and on tombs. When comparing all, the The evolution of ancient Greek pottery spans hundreds of years and witnessed multiple shifts in style and technique.
However, the three styles detailed in this study of the ancient art form Geometric, Orientalizing and Archaic all bear a common thread of detailing history. Regardless of style, Greek pottery provides us with a glimpse into the ancient culture using beautiful and detailed designs. The art form has been sustained in fired clay for thousands of years indiscriminately telling its story to the world and to history. Bibliography 1. Chamoux, Francois.
The Essay on Greek, Red-Figure Hydria
The Greek red-figure hydria or jar is said to have originated from South Italy, most likely in Apulia Region, a place that is populated by Greek colonists during the fourth century BC. It is dated at around 380-360 BC, the epoch when colonists developed numerous triumphant pottery workshops. The painters and potters then have developed their own styles that are anchored on the techniques learned ...
The Pallas Library of Art: Greek Art. Greenwich, New York. Graphic Society. 1966. 2. Stokstad, Marilyn.
Art History. New York, New York. Harry Abrams, Inc. 2002. 3.
“Black Figure.” web 10 November 2004. 4. “Red Figure.” web figure. html 10 November 2004. 5. “Orientalizing.” web September 2004.
6. “Greek Pottery.” web 11 November 2004. 7. “Greek and Roman Art.” web of Art / view High. asp? dep = 13&full = 0&set = 3 11 November 2004..
