How the Snake Lost Its Legs In the article ‘How the Snake Lost Its Legs,’ Carl Zimmer wrote about the common theory of snake evolution is about to be questioned. All vertebrates that live on land whether mammalian or reptilian are known as tetrapods. In most animals these feet evolved into other limbs, like arms for humans and into wings for birds; however, the snake lost its four feet altogether. The only sign that snakes ever had four feet is a remaining hip located within the rib cage. Paleontologists and herpetologists alike find it difficult to retrace the ancestry of snakes. Because of their scales, eggs, and subtle features of the skull, some scientists believe that snakes are descendants of lizards.
However, this still does not explain how snakes lost their legs. In 1970, a three-foot-long creature, Pachyrachis Problematicus, was discovered near Jerusalem. A Hebrew University herpetologist studied the fossil and suggested that even though the animal looked serpentine there was not enough evidence supporting the theory that it was related to snakes. In 1996, Michael Lee and Michael Caldwell studied the fossil more thoroughly. Lee stated that ‘The first thing that you’ve got to do is look at every possible animal it could be related to’, he and Caldwell concluded that the Pachyrachis had many snake like characteristics.(Zimmer p.32) For example, ‘the body is long and sinuous: it has 140 vertebrae in its trunk; most lizards have just 25.'(Zimmer p.32) Lizards have open brain cavities while snakes are completely sealed. The jaws of Pachyrachis are very flexible and the lower jaw does not fuse to the chin.
The Essay on The Legend Of Saint Joan Of Arc
Bernard Shaws famous play Saint Joan recalls the legend of a young girl who leads her nation to an improbable victory against the English. Joan of Arc has since become a role model for girls and women everywhere as a woman who conquered seemingly indomitable odds in a world of men. But one must wonder: Would the legend of Saint Joan have the magnificence that it does had Joan not been burned when ...
The fossil has two hind legs about an inch long each; they are not attached to feet. While the feet could have washed away Lee and Caldwell believe that the feet were vestigial if anything. The hips unlike modern snakes were on the outside of the ribcage. A holistic view of Pachyrachis’ traits show the modern snake to be related to a large marine lizard called a Mosasaur. ‘Mosasaurs began as four-legged lizards on land.'(Zimmer p.32) As the mosasaur took to water their bodies elongated and the appendages became paddle like. This theory directly contradicts the popular theory of snake evolution.
Researchers believed that snakes descended from terrestrial lizards, because of the burrowing trait in all snakes. Lee and Caldwell do not agree with this theory because they believe that in order to decide the snake’s ancestry you must also look at their closet relative. ‘You’ve got features of snakes that are conventionally interpreted as burrowing adaptations, but if you stop and think about it, they could be aquatic as well,’ says Lee.(Zimmer p.33) For example, the elongated body of a snake, while good for burrowing, also makes it a good swimmer, and the fact that snakes have no eardrums while it is useless underground the same is true for underwater. Lee and Caldwell believe that the animals that produced snakes went in the water, lost their legs and slithered out, because what made snakes function in the water also helped them out land side. Furthermore, some snakes went back into the water making up the current sea snake population. Michael Lee states that ‘Before this description of Pachyrachis, nobody had seriously proposed an aquatic origin of snakes for a century’ and it’s a ‘big change.’ Bibliography Zimmer, Carl (Discovery, July 1997.
‘How the Snake Lost Its Legs’ p.32-33).
