In all textbooks, the valuation of stocks and bonds is simply stated as the present value of all the future cash flows expected from the security. The concept is logical, straightforward, and deceptively simple. The valuation of bonds is usually presented first, since the relatively certain cash flows are broken into an annuity and a payment of the par value at some specific date in the future. Preferred stock valuation follows bond valuation and the value of preferred stock is shown to be the present value of perpetual annuity.
The cash flows from the constant-size dividend is fairly certain, and most preferred stock does not have a maturity date. Finally, common stock is presented but neither the future cash flows (from dividends) nor the final value is known with any degree of certainty, Generally students seem to understand the bond and preferred stock valuation techniques, but they tend to be very skeptical of the common stock valuation model. Using the discounted cash flow models on an actual company can help dispel some of the doubts, but more importantly it can indicate how the models explain price behavior.
HOME PRODUCTS, INC. Home Products, Inc, (HPI) is a leading manufacturer of prescription and ethical drugs; specialty foods and candies; and proprietary drugs. Important product names include Advil, Anacin, Dimetapp, Norplant, and Robitussin. Total revenues in the last fiscal year were in excess of $9 billion. Long-Term Debt The company has a capital structure that is made up of 34 percent long-term debt, 3 percent preferred stock, and 63 percent common stock. One of the two largest domestic long-term debt issues is an 8.5 percent coupon bond (semi-annual) that is due in 15 years. This debenture is currently selling for $1020. The bond is callable in seven years and if called will be redeemed at a price of 1040. The other large publicly held bond is a 8. 0 percent coupon bond that is due in nine years. This debenture is selling for $990. Both of these bonds are rated A by Moody’s. Preferred Stock The preferred stock has a $2. 40 annual dividend with a stated value of $30. 00, but it is currently selling for $31 per share. More than 5.5 million shares were issued in February 2003 in connection with the merger of FDS Holding Company into a subsidiary of HPI. The preferred stock has no voting rights unless the company is in arrears on six or more quarterly dividends, and then each shareholder is entitled to one-quarter vote per share. Common Stock Returns from common stock come from the cash dividend payment and/or changes in the price of the stock. Investors receiving dividends can expect them to grow over time, but some stocks do not pay dividends, especially during their early growth years.
The Essay on Common Stock Bond Value Leverage
Chapter 131. Operating leverage is change in sales (small), which triggers a change in operating income. They are caused by fixed cost in the operation firm. A firm with a high operating leverage will see an EBIT increase and sales. The negative aspect is if the unit sales drop EBIT will decrease by a percentage greater than sales. 2. Yes, the total degree of business risk that a company faces is ...
As firms mature, they typically start paying dividends and then management is very reluctant to reduce the dividend. For the firms that do not pay dividends, the normal assumption is that the earnings are being retained by the firm to promote growth; thus, the stock price should grow at a higher rate than firms that have high payout ratios. Two major factors that affect the price of stock are changes in the required rate of return, caused primarily by changes in the risk, and change in the growth rate of earnings, which in turn create changes in the growth rate of dividends.
The Term Paper on Avon’s Dividend Policy
A firm’s decisions about dividends are often mixed up with other financing and investment decisions. Some firms pay low dividends because management is optimistic about the firm’s future and wishes to retain earnings for expansion. Other firms might finance capital expenditures largely by borrowing. All the above are examples of dividend policies which can be defined more precisely as ...
The common stock of Home Products currently has over 95 million shares of $3. 125 par value stock outstanding. A share of common stock presently sells for $43. 00 and pays a quarterly dividend of $0. 30 ($1. 20 per year).
A consensus estimate (Zack’s and IBES) indicates that earnings and dividends are expected to grow at an annual rate of 6 percent for the next five years. The common shares have no preemptive rights. Stockholders of HPI have the opportunity to buy additional shares of common stock through a plan of automatic dividend reinvestment and optional cash purchase.
This plan allows stockholders to have their dividends reinvested in shares of common stock, and they can purchase additional shares at the market price (with no commission) each month. Shareholders who participate in this plan are limited to a total of $1,000 per month that they can use to purchase additional shares. QUESTIONS 1. Look at the 8. 5 percent coupon bond. What is its current yield, its yield-to-first call, and its yield-to-maturity? 2. Do you think this bond will be called? Why or why not? 3. What would be the value of the 8.5 percent coupon bond if the time to maturity was 10 years rather than 15 years? (use your yield to maturity answer in #1) 4. What is the required rate of return for the preferred stock? How does this rate compare to the YTM for the HPI 8. 5 percent bond? Is this difference what you would have expected from a risk/return standpoint? Why or why not? 5. What is the expected dividend yield and the expected capital gains yield for HPI common stock? 6. Given that HPI is selling for $43, what is its required rate of return?
(Use the constant growth valuation model. ) 7. Assume that the risk-free rate is 5. 0 percent and that the expected return of the market is 10 percent. According to the security market line valuation model, what is the required rate of return for HPI common stock if its beta is 1. 3? 8. Using the constant growth valuation model, find the present value of HPI common stock. Would you buy or sell? Problema 1 Problema 2 Problema 3 Problema 4 Problema 5 Problema 6 Problema 7 Problema 8
