The inter-relationship between the health of the economy and interest rates is an incredibly important and often discussed topic. And recently in Australia the link between these and the housing sector has been heavily scrutinised. Penm et al. (1994, p. 241) have even suggested ^aEURoehousing activity is a leading indicator of general economic activity^aEUR.
In the Australian economy, the housing market is booming, some believe out of control. Whether or not the boom is sustainable is a topic which has serious consequences for the growth or contraction of the economy, and where opinions differ wildly. The housing market has been experiencing a new high recently. Lenders lent a record $9 billion in March to people buying, building or refinancing their homes (Colebatch 2003).
This increase in demand for housing has pushed up the cost for some first homebuyers to a prohibitive level. The prices for housing are experiencing 20 per cent to 25 per cent annual growth (Dempster 2002).
This likely to be the effect of a shift in demand for housing and building, exceeding any shift made to supply in response. As the diagram (Pindyck & Rubinfeld 2001, p. 26) shows, the shift of the aggregate demand curve from D 1 to D 2 outweighs the shift in supply made in response (S 1 to S 2).
This results in increased quantity (Q 1 to Q 2), but also increased price (P 1 to P 2).
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1. Introduction This paper will highlight economic issues facing the Indian Government and its ability to maintain high levels of growth by outlining the current conditions of the economy. Policy dilemmas and logic to address these dilemmas will be explored. Analysis of key indicators and statistics as well historical reference and the theory behind their execution will underlay chosen policies ...
Quantity demanded has increased over a large number of housing markets at once because this is a ^aEURoehot^aEUR period for residential real estate markets (which experience ^aEURoehot^aEUR and ^aEURoecold^aEUR periods).
A hot period is one where ^aEURoeaverage selling times are short, the volume of transactions is higher than the norm and prices are rising, (Krainer 1999, p. 14).
Many are predicting that this demand will not last and that ^aEURoethe residential construction boom is likely to peter out^aEUR (Statistics of Australia, s Economy 1999-2004 2003).
At these prices, first home buyers account for just over 15 per cent of loans for the year to March, which is close to an all-time low (Colebatch 2003).
Also, there is oversupply in some areas, especially high-density unit markets in Sydney and Melbourne (Wade 2003).
This is because oversupply leads to a reduction in prices, since there are more providers on the market (S 1 to S 2) without corresponding demand. The competition for buyers sends the prices down (P 1 to P 2).
But a review of the building industry, conducted by Robert Miller and Jason Tyrrell of BIS-Shrapnel, has predicted demand in the building industry will be sustained (Wade 2003), as well as suggesting interest rates on home loans could reach 10% by 2006 (Teese 2003, p. 6).
While the authors of the review concede, “There is now substantial risk that the looming oversupply will see a sharp and protracted correction^aEUR (What is the housing market doing? 2003), they feel the oversupply and soaring prices will result only in a lull over this year. “Both residential and non-residential building commencements will move into a fully fledged boom over the two years to 2005-06, driven by strong economic growth, as well as increasing underlying demand in both sectors,” the report says. The rationale behind this is that the Australian economy is growing out of the trough in the business cycle it experienced in 2000-2001. It is expected to grow in 2004 along with an anticipated global recovery and increased output from farms (Statistics of Australia, s Economy 1999-2004 2003).
BIS Shrapnel’s forecast is for strong economic growth over the next three years, sending the unemployment rate below 5 per cent. ^aEURoeThis will create labour shortages that will push wages higher and increase inflation.
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... price increases, low inflation, increased personal income, will inevitably be forecasted by business as indicators to increase production. Increased production also increase ... supply and demand forces that cause prices (wages, interest rates, and exchange rates) to adjust ... slips. Retrieved from http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/28/us-usa-economy-idUSBREA2R0UB20140328 The World Bank. (2013). ...
In turn, the Reserve will jack up interest rates aggressively^aEUR, the report says. Here, the relationship between the state of the economy and interest rates is expressed explicitly. The effect of a recovering economy will be both workers and producers will expect aggregate demand to increase, triggering an increase in prices. To maintain the same real wage level, workers demand wage increases, changing aggregate supply.
This results in the price level rising again in the next period. This is a continuing positive rate of inflation (Crompton et al. 2002, p. 374-375).
At point A, workers and firms expect the price level to be 100, shown in the supply curve SRAS 100. Workers and firms expect aggregate demand to shift to D 2, making the price level 133.
Workers then demand wage increases to maintain their real wage, shifting aggregate supply to SRAS 133. The price level rises again in the next period, resulting in an ongoing inflation rate (Crompton et al. 2002, p. 374).
The Reserve Bank of Australia aims to keep the inflation rate of the economy within two to three per cent.
The BIS-Shrapnel review proposes that in the middle of 2006 inflation will need to be controlled, as it gets too high. One of the methods of controlling inflation available to the Reserve Bank of Australia is to increase interest rates. Because interest rate increases making borrowing money more expensive, the measure lessens spending in the economy. This acts to limit the increase of aggregate demand in the economy. As Alan Thornhill (2003, p. 17) says ^aEURoehousehold consumption could retreat quite quickly^aEUR.
Interest rate rises do reduce the rate of inflation, but with a reduction in demand comes a reduction in output, and so increased unemployment as production is cut and workers are no longer needed. “If the economy slows and you get rising unemployment, many people will have great difficulty servicing mortgages, ^aEUR the review says (Wade 2003).
The Term Paper on Australian Monetary Policy Money Rate Interest
Table of Contents 1 Introduction: Australian Economy 2 1. 1 Real Gross Domestic Product 2 1. 2 Inflation 2 1. 3 Employment 3 1. 4 Current Account 3 1. 5 Exchange Rate 3 2 Monetary Policy 5 2. 1 Objectives of Monetary Policies 6 2. 2 Demand for Money 8 2. 3 Supply of Money 10 2. 4 Money Equilibrium 11 2. 5 Effects of Money Supply (Demand) 11 2. 6 Keynesians Vs Monetarists 12 3 Monetary Policy ...
The review predicts that at 10% interest rate level, the level of new building will fall 30% in the two years between 2005-2006 and 2007-2008 (Wade 2003).
Demand for building decreases when interest rates rise for several reasons.
Firstly, the cost of borrowing money increases, so buying or building a house is less affordable. Also, businesses are producing less after the rate rise, so there is less of a need to purchase plant and capital, including buildings. So, the relationship here between interest rates and investment, including housing, is obvious. This diagram shows the effect of raising interest rates on the economy. Workers and firms expect aggregate demand to increase to D 2.
They negotiate increased wages, which shift aggregate supply to SRAS 140, based on this. But the price rise that results is higher than the Reserve Bank of Australia, s target. So, the RBA increases interest rates, moving aggregate demand back to D 3 (Crompton et al. 2002, p. 376).
The price level is reduced, but so is output, and unemployment increases. With fewer employment opportunities in the community and home buyers with variable interest loans paying higher interest there is ^aEURoesome severe pain^aEUR to be ^aEURoefelt in the community^aEUR (Wade 2003).
It is obvious how inter-dependent the state of the economy, interest rates and the housing market are. The level of activity in the economy, or even the performance of one sector such as housing, are leading factors in any change of interest rates by the Reserve Bank of Australia. Any changes in interest rates can act to inflate of deflate the economy, and also an individual sector like housing. And deflation of an important sector such as housing can be the cause of ^aEURoesignificant general economic fallout^aEUR (Thornhill 2003, p.
17).
It is also now obvious why the state of the housing market, or any attempts to influence the economy through monetary or fiscal policy, are so keenly watched and debated. Reference List Colebatch, T. 2003, Housing boom continues [Online], The Age, Available: web [2003, Oct. 1]. Crompton, P.
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Australian financial review March 11, 2003 Tuesday SECTION: Computers; Pg. 34 LENGTH: 407 words HEADLINE: Official IT Unemployment Data 'way Off The Mark' BYLINE: Mandy Bryan BODY: Is unemployment in the technology sector 11. 9 per cent as claimed by the Australian Computer Society, or 3. 8 per cent as claimed by the federal government using its official employment statistics? Unemployed ...
, Swann, M. , Hopkins, S. & McEachern, W. 2002, Macroeconomics, Nelson Australia Pty Ltd. , Southbank Victoria, p. 368-386.
Dempster, Q. , O, neall, I. , Cole, B. , Trigone, T. , Jen man, N.
, S hann, E. & Mellor, R. 2002, Australian Broadcasting Corporation Lateline TV Program Transcript [Online], Available: web [2003, Oct. 1].
Krainer, J. 1999, Real estate liquidity, Economic Review – Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, vol. 3, p. 14-27.
Penm, J. & Terrell, R. 1994, Is housing activity a leading indicator? , Economic Record, vol. 70, issue. 210, p. 241-253.
Pindyck, R. & Rubinfeld, D. 2001, Microeconomics, 5 th Ed. , Prentice Hall International Inc.
, New Jersey, p. 20-58. Statistics of Australia, s Economy 1999-2004 2003 [Online], Available: web [2003, Oct. 1]. Teese, C. 2003, ^aEUR~Home rates could hit 10 pc: expert, , The West Australian, 26 Aug.
, p. 6. Thornhill, A. 2003, ^aEUR~Bank warns on family debt, , The West Australian, 1 Sept, p. 17. Wade, M.
2003, Life in housing boom still [Online], Sydney Morning Herald, Available: web [2003, Oct. 1]. What is the housing market doing? 2003 [Online], Available: web [2003, Oct. 1].
