humanistic psychology Humanistic psychology is defined as a psychological perspective that concentrates on the study of the whole person. According to this approach, humanistic psychologists consider human behavior not only through the eyes of the observer, but through the eyes of the person doing the behaving, believing that an individuals behavior is naturally link to his inner feelings and self-image. The majority of scientists and psychology historians connect the origin of humanistic psychology with the Middle Ages when the process of humanism concept was started. According to humanism philosophical approach every person has worth and the right to achieve self-realization through reason and rational though. Consequently, the contemporary humanistic psychology was developed during 1950s as a reaction by clinical psychologists and social workers against behaviorism tendencies and psychoanalysis (Bergin & Garfield, 41-42).
Humanistic psychology, as it came to be known, differed from psychoanalysis and behaviorism in at least three ways. First, this psychology gave more emphasis and credence to the individual’s phenomenal field, for example, the client-centered therapists empathizing with the client’s frame of reference rather than evaluating or diagnosing from the outside, or the existential psychotherapists helping the patient find meaning in life-meaning as perceived by the client. Second, this psychology focused not just on remediation of psychological problems but on psychological health, wellness, creativity, self-actualization, or what Rogers described as the fully functioning person. The goal was more than adjustment, but helping people experience their full human potential (Bergin & Garfield, 42).
The Research paper on Psychology and American Psychological Association
The qualitative variables were National Academy of Science membership, election as American Psychological Association president or receipt of the APA Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award, and surname used as a eponym (i. e. , a psychological term such a Pavlovian conditioning or Skinner box) to represent a theory, procedure, or apparatus. Objective: You are going to learn a little bit about ...
Third, it was a psychology interested in what distinguishes human beings from other species. Choice, will, freedom, values, feelings, goals, and other humanistic concerns were all central subjects of study Being considered an autonomous science, humanistic psychology relies on the developed system of knowledge. From the critical point of view, the assertion that human should be viewed holistically constitutes the pivotal tenet of humanistic psychology. Practically, the holistic development of an individual includes several stages, namely humans self-actualization, self-fulfillment and self-realization. Although there are various viewpoints on how each of these stages can be achieved, eventually it will result in giving a person the ability to make better choices for themselves. For instance, Rogers asserted that a full self-understanding could be achieved if a person learned how to trust his own judgment and feelings while Mallows considered the way of reaching self-understanding to be reached through satisfaction of lower needs. Practically, the contributions to the development of humanistic psychology made by Maslow and Rogers are considered to be the most significant.
Abraham Maslow contended that people have a hierarchy of five levels of needs and that the higher level needs could be addressed until lower level needs in the hierarchy have been satisfied. Maslow’s Hierarchy – from bottom to top – includes: – Physiological needs: the basics, such as hunger, thirst, shelter, clothing, reproduction, etc – Safety/security needs: stability, law and order, pensions, and the need for structure, etc. – Love/belonging needs: belonging acceptance, love, etc. – Self-esteem needs: respect, recognition, attention, a feeling of importance, etc. – Self-actualization needs: creative expression, full-self expression, challenge, etc. The stages can provide a convenient motivational benchmark for determining the needs of different – and differing – groups at different points in time. The same individual or group might be more responsive to safety/security motivators at one point and self-actualization motivators at another, depending on such things as age or maturity, economic conditions, the job market, corporate culture, family matters, and a variety of other factors (Beddoes-Jones, 16).
The Business plan on Carl Roger’s Person-Centered Theory
Rogers himself is a good example of creative person at work which he continued to expand and revise his theory. He as applied his work to diverse clinical group and settings include schools system, hospital, management, family therapy, group therapy, and foreign relations (Rogers, 1970; 1977; 1980; 1983). Roger’s Person-Centered approach to counseling emphasized the important dimension of “self”. ...
Simultaneously, Carl Rogers concentrated on development of the client-centered, person-centered approach.
He popularized the term client, pioneered the recording of counseling cases, conducted landmark research on counseling and psychotherapy and eventually became a leader in the humanistic psychology movement. Moreover, subsequently he applied the person-centered approach to resolving intergroup and international conflict. Carl Rogers’s career spanned six decades. For most of these, he presented a vivid role model of the person-centered approach, demonstrating his theories and methods through teaching, lecturing, live demonstrations, workshops, and audiovisual recordings. By all accounts, he embodied his theories by being an exceptional listener and communicator and a decent, honorable person. He wrote some 15 books and well over 200 professional articles, book chapters, and research studies.
During the late 1960s and the 1970s, Rogers and his colleagues explored the applications of client-centered thinking to groups and group leadership. In the 1940s and 1950s, Rogers, Thomas Gordon, and colleagues at the University of Chicago had experimented with group-centered leadership, whereby the leaders acceptance, understanding, genuineness, and willingness to let the group set its own directions stimulated great energy, creativity, and productivity among group members. In the late 1950s and 1960s, Gordon, Richard Parson, Rogers, and associates extended this approach to what Rogers called the basic encounter group – an unstructured group experience in which so-called normal group members came to greater self-understanding, spontaneity, improved communication, and genuineness in relationships (Wright, 847).
The Essay on Nature Of Stereotype Person Or Group
A stereotype is a generalization about a person or group of people without regard to individual differences. Even seemingly positive stereotypes that link a person or group to a positive trait can have negative consequences. Prejudice is prejudging or making a decision about a person or group of people without sufficient knowledge. Prejudicial thinking is frequently based on stereotypes. ...
Rogers led scores of encounter groups in professional, business, religious, medical, academic, personal growth, and organizational settings. In the 1970s and 1980s, Rogers experimented with a person-centered approach to resolving intergroup and international conflict. Through workshops and filmed encounter groups with multicultural populations, such as Catholics and Protestants from Northern Ireland and Blacks and Whites in South Africa, Rogers demonstrated how positive regard, empathy, and congruence the same growth-promoting conditions useful in all helping relationships – can enhance communication and understanding among antagonistic groups. He and his colleagues led person-centered workshops for groups of 100 to 800 participants around the world, including Brazil, Mexico, South Africa, Hungary, Soviet Union, and other newly emerging democracies.
A generation later, the client-centered/person-centered approach continues to exert a significant influence on the world of counseling and psychotherapy. Although database searches show many more citations for cognitive and behavioral therapy than references to the client-centered/person-centered approach, attention to the person-centered approach remains strong, with more books, articles, and research studies ((Kirschenbaum, 81).
Since Rogerss death in 1987, perhaps the greatest new interest in his work has been outside the United States. In Europe, the person-centered approach has become one of the leading counseling and therapeutic approaches of the twenty-first century, with major organizations and centers for person-centered research and practice throughout Western and Central Europe. Equally significant, there has also been a great deal of interest in the person-centered approach in emerging democracies in Eastern Europe, Russia, and Latin America. As a Japanese counselor explained in the 1960s, Rogers helped teach me .
. . to be democratic and not authoritative (Kirschenbaum, 73).
Rogers eventually recognized the political implications of his theories and methods and explored these in Carl Rogers on Personal Power: Inner Strength and Its Revolutionary Impact. His lifes work demonstrated how supportive, growth-producing conditions can unleash healing, responsible self-direction, and creativity in individuals and groups in all walks of life. As countries around the world strive to resolve intergroup tensions and practice self-government and self-determination, many have recognized in Rogerss work not only useful methods for helping professionals, but also a positive, person-centered, empowering, democratic philosophy consistent with their national aspirations. Bibliography A.
The Dissertation on Cohesion And Performance In Groups: A Meta-Analytic Clarification Of Construct Relations
Sep 23, 2013 Avon Products Previous meta-analytic examinations of group cohesion and performance have focused primarily on contextual factors. This study examined issues relevant to applied researchers by providing a more detailed analysis of the criterion domain. In addition, the authors reinvestigated the role of components of cohesion using more modern meta-analytic methods and in light of ...
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Psychotherapy and behavior change, New York: Wiley, F. Beddoes-Jones.
(2004).The psychology of teams. Training Journal. Ely: April T. Wright. Positive organizational behavior: an idea whose time has truly come. Journal of Organizational Behavior.
Chichester: Jun 2003. Vol. 24, Iss. 4 H. Kirschenbaum (2003).
Carl Rogers and the person-centered approach. Webster, NY: Values Associates.
