When I was told that I had to pick a topic that was related to science I knew that I was going to write about hurricanes. I have had this fascination with this a monstrous turbulence since I can remember. The definition for hurricane is a disturbance that forms over warm water and has sustaining winds that exceed over 74mph. My report will give you a brief summary of what a hurricane is and how today’s technology is helping with the prediction of hurricanes. You’re probably sitting there wondering, “What is there to know about a hurricane? It’s just another wonder of God’s.” Well, I think this report will change your state of mind and opinion of what exactly is a hurricane.
Since 1944, the United States Navy (USN) and the United States Air Force (USAF) have been flying consecutive missions into the eye of the hurricane to help warn civilians as well as military personnel of approaching typhoons and hurricanes. During the late 1940’s and early 1950’s scientist Dr. Robert H. Simpson , had used these missions to take scientific measurements of hurricanes. but it wasn’t until 1954, when Hurricane Carol, Edna and Hazel (Hurricane Hazel went right over Washington D.C.) that policymakers took the hurricane threat seriously enough to finance such research. Congress in 1955 authorized the funding to United States Weather Bureau (USWB) to create the National Hurricane Research Project (NHRP) which was to conduct research into hurricanes in hopes of improving scientific understanding of them, which in turn would improve forecasting and predictions of landfall. Dr. Simpson was appointed Director of the twenty-two person “project” and in one year he had operational headquarters set up at an airplane wing located West Palm Beach, Florida Airport. USAF# loaned three aircrafts. On August 13,1956 the first NHRP# flight was made into Hurricane Betsy off the Turks and Caicos Islands.
The Essay on State Of Research On Snowball Earth Hypothesis
State of research on the 'Snowball Earth Hypothesis " The 'Snowball Earth Hypothesis' also known as the " Varan gia glaciation' is a hypothesis presented in 2001 by Geologist Paul Hoffman. (Wikipedia, 2002) The hypothesis purposes that 540 million years ago during the Neoproterozoic, a meter thick of ice covered the oceans and glaciers the continents for 100 million years. Albedo; when ice and ...
The USAF aircraft used in the first three years were equipped with instruments to take the temperature, humidity, and pressure measurements and punch them on computer cards. Researchers were initially interested in describing the three dimensional structure of hurricanes and in observing the middle and upper level winds which were thought to steer the storm. Observing the next several years an experiment was carried out in which a balloon radio beacon was released in hurricane’s eye and the wind center was tracked remotely. The “project” also involved setting up upper-air stations around the Caribbean and installing WSR-57 radars in American coastal locations. One program of photographing hurricanes from low flying rockets that was soon made obsolete by the introduction of weather satellites. In 1958 was what they, the meteorologists, thought was their most productive year, with twenty-three missions being flown. Unfortunately, at the end of 1958’s hurricane season the USAF withdrew their aircrafts from the “project” and Dr. Simpson left the head position to become the director of STORMFURY. A year later the “project” was moved south to the Miami Aviation Building, co-locating it with the NHC#.
With the introduction of the IBM 650 computer at this time not only allowed for quicker processing of field data, but facilitated the first attempts at numerical modeling of hurricanes. There was a break in field research activity until 1960 when NHRP acquired two new aircrafts for to be flown in hurricane missions. Also in 1961 the USN# and USWB# flew seeding experiments into Hurricane Esther. This lead to the formal organization of Project STORMFURY in 1963, as a joint venture of the USN, USWB, and the National Science Foundation. This project would continue for more than twenty years and include NHRP, RFF# in it’s operations. A good deal of NHRP’s research during the early years of STORMFURY were in areas critical to weather and modification, such as cloud physics, storm structure, and dynamics. Ironically, studies into natural hurricane variability would eventually lead to questions of effectivness of STORMFURY. Satellites had a dramatic impact on hurricane investigation and research during the early 1960’s. It was no longer necessary to send aircraft on ‘long fishing expeditions’, just looking for signs of tropical disturbances. Using the satellites forecasters could pinpoint where the Hurricane Hunters needed to fly. And researchers for the first time could watch the formation of a hurricane from the very start. However the cirrus clouds (Central Dense Overcast) of hurricanes still made it necessary to fly planes into these storms to collect information. In 1964 NHRP was redesignated the National Hurricane Research Laboratory (NHRL) to signify a more permanent status. The “project” was initially suppose to run for only a few years: time enough, it was thought, to answer all the basic questions about hurricanes. As the complex nature tropical storms became apparent it was realized that hurricanes research will always be an on-going thing.
The Essay on Boats Storm Wind Boat
We had a terrific day planned. It was a beautiful morning, not a cloud in the sky and not much traffic on the road. The forecast was sunny with a high of 90 degrees, only a slight chance of an afternoon thunderstorm. We packed the coolers with a variety of foods, from snacks to desserts. The arrangements were scheduled for 8: 00 a. m. in a small city of Frenchtown, New Jersey. There were fifteen ...
The Knollenberg probes (pictured on the left) allowed HRD# cloud physicists to image individual cloud particles by using an array of laser diodes. As particles pass through the array a laser shadow is cast upon the receiving diodes and the image of the particle is entered into memory. Scientists can see what sort of particles they are flying through in real time, whether rain, or ice. Also the FSSP probe allows the instantaneous compilation of particle size statistics. Project STORMFURY came to a formal end in 1982, as no hurricane modification experiments had been flown in over a decade, and as serious doubts about the assumptions of STORMFURY came to be expressed. In part the new cloud physics data showed that the amount of supercooled liquid water available in a hurricane was far less than had been thought, and studies of the natural cycles of storm strength showed that the effect of seeding might have been nugatory. HRD scientists published a paper in 1985 demonstrating many of the flaws in the original STORMFURY premises. The NOAA# was decommissioned in 1981. In 1982 Doppler Radar, picture to the left shows a sample of what Doppler Radar really looks like. processing added to the tail radars. Doppler allowed scientists to derive the hurricane’s wind fields by either using radar data from both planes, from a plane and a land based Doppler radar. Instead of just having wind information from along the aircraft’s track, the wind field from the entire inner core could be mapped out. This provided researchers with greater insight into hurricane structure and dynamics.
The Essay on Hurricanes Hurricane Damage Winds Miles
Hurricane, what does it mean? What do hurricanes do? What kind of powers do they possess? Where regions of the world are mostly affected by these hurricanes? All these questions I plan to answer in the following paragraphs. One thing we do know for sure is that a hurricane is one of the most devastating storms that Mother Nature has to offer. We also know that hurricanes cause a lot of damage to ...
In 1982 the Lab began a series of experiments using Omega dropwindsondes to fill in the vast oceanic data voids in the forecast models. One or both P3s would fly synoptic scale patterns around the hurricane, and every 20 minutes or so drop a sonde out of the plane. The dropwindsonde would drift down on a parachute and radio back to the plane the temperature, humidity, and pressure, and using the Omega navigational signals, triangulate its position. This information was used by the plane’s computer to estimate the winds the sonde was falling through. Put together with other drops a three dimensional profile of the synoptic-scale atmosphere surrounding the storm was synthesized. Including this vital information in the hurricane track forecast models was shown to improve the accuracy by 20-30%. A dependent of HRD scientists and technicians remained stationed at NHC to compile catalogs of output from a new storm surge model, the Sea, Lake Overland Surges from Hurricanes (SLOSH).
These catalogs mapped possible hurricane flooding and required that each basin be meticulously, numerically rendered. These catalogs were then given to emergency personnel in the target cities to aid in evacuation planning. Computer modeling during the early 1980’s involved work on a 12 level nested grid model as well as quasi-spectral and non-hydrostatic models. On going studies at this time included hurricane forecast track errors, rainfall estimates from land based radars near land-falling storms, and air-sea interactions under hurricanes. HRD and AOC used films taken during hurricane flights to update the long out-of-date sea surface catalog used to estimate surface wind speeds by flight. The dramatic El Ni?o of 1982/83 spurred research into the relationship of ENSO and Atlantic hurricane frequency, and also renewed interest in hurricane climatology. The mid-1980’s was a period when research concentrated on the new Doppler radar and cloud physics data. Papers were published on heat budgets, storm structure, wind fields, and drop spectra. HRD’s microphysicists and radar specialist participated in the preliminary STORM (pre_STORM) experiment in the spring of 1985. Pre_STORM studied mesoscale convective complexes in the vicinity of Oklahoma to better understand their structure, dynamics, and predictability. in 1986. The experiment was designed to examine winter storms off the east coast of the United States, with an emphasis on explosively developing storms. Of value in itself, it was also hoped the knowledge gained from GALE would give new insights into rapidly intensifying hurricanes. In 1991 the USAF tried to end its hurricane reconnaissance duties, but under public pressure opted instead to transfer responsibilities to a Reserve squadron. In 1993 they were again designated the 53rd Weather Reconnaissance Squadron (USAFR).
The Essay on Hurricane Storm Daphine Winds
On September 14, 2002, the deadliest hurricane disaster in World history occurred It is impossible to tell all, and the world, at best, can never know all the tragedies written by the storm. This is the worst since the Galveston Hurricane,' which occurred on September 8, 1900 killing more than 6, 000 people. Hurricane Daphine was born off the African coast on September the 4 th but didn't become a ...
Hurricane Andrew had a major impact on south Florida and on HRD in August of 1992 HRD will continue on into the 21st Century as NOAA’s focus for hurricane research, with extensive co-operation with NHC, AOC, USAF, USN, other government agencies, the academic community. Now, this is just the history of how long people have had a fascination with hurricanes. Now I’m going to answer all or some of your questions. Q: What is a hurricane and how does it form? A: A hurricane is a powerful storm that measures several hundred miles in diameter. Hurricanes have two main parts. The first is the eye of the hurricane, which is a calm area in the center of the storm. Usually, the eye of a hurricane measures about 20 miles in diameter, and has very few clouds. The second part is the wall of clouds that surrounds the calm eye. This is where the hurricane’s strongest winds and heaviest rain occur. Hurricanes are born over warm, tropical oceans. Hurricanes are fueled by water vapor that is pushed up from the warm ocean surface, so they can last longer and sometimes move much further over water than over land. The combination of heat and moisture, along with the right wind conditions, can create a new hurricane.
The Term Paper on Late Season Hurricanes Hurricane Storms
... storm in terms of economical loss, while the rest of the early season hurricanes didn't amount to much. The late season hurricanes caused more damage. ... the SE winds would only be 80 mph. The hurricanes are categorized into five categories seen in figure two. The ... The classification is tropical depression. The National Hurricane Center will get a letter to help classify the storm. When the winds ...
A: Hurricane season officially kicks of on June 30 and it ends on November 30, the Atlantic basin shows it’s peak of the season with 78% of the tropical storms, 87% of them minor and 96% of them major hurricanes. The Northeast Pacific basin has a broader peak with activity beginning in late May or early June and going on until late October, early November with it’s peak in late August, early September. The Northwest Pacific basin has tropical cyclones all year round regularly though. But in February and the first half of March it’s rather quiet with it’s peak season in late in April to June and late September to early December. Globally, September is the most active month and May is the least active month. A: Experience shows that the use of short, distinctive given names in written as well as spoken communications is quicker and less subject to error than the older more cumbersome latitude-longitude identification methods. The practice of naming hurricanes solely after women came to an end in 1978 when men’s and women’s names were included in the Eastern North Pacific storm lists. In 1979, male and female names were included in lists for the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico. These advantages are especially important in exchanging detailed storm information between hundreds of widely scattered stations, airports, coastal bases, and ships at sea. The use of easily remembered names greatly reduces confusion when two or more tropical storms occur at the same time. For example, one hurricane can be moving slowly westward in the Gulf of Mexico, while at exactly the same time another hurricane can be moving rapidly northward along the Atlantic coast. In the past, confusion and false rumors have arisen when storm advisories broadcast from one radio station were mistaken for warnings concerning an entirely different storm located hundreds of miles away. Below is a chart of the six-year list of names for Atlantic storms
The Essay on Trade Winds Hurricane Storm Tropical
Hurricanes are powerful atmospheric vertices that are intermediate in size. Hurricanes are unique and powerful weather systems. The word "hurricane" comes from a Caribbean word meaning "big wind." Views of hurricanes can be seen from a satellite positioned thousands of miles above the earth. Hurricanes originate as tropical disturbances over warm oceans with trade winds. The tropical turban ces ...
Arlene Alberto Allison Arthur Ana Alex Cindy Chris Chantal Cristobal Claudette Charley Dennis Debby Dean Dolly Danny Danielle Emily Ernesto Erin Edouard Erika Earl Floyd Florences Felix Fay Fabian Frances Gert Gordon Gabrielle Gustav Grace Gaston Harvey Helene Humberto Hanna Henri Hermine Irene Isaac Iris Isidore Isabel Ivan Jose Joyce Jerry Josephine Juan Jeanne Lenny Leslie Lorenzo Lili Larry Lisa Maria Michael Michelle Marco Mindy Matthew Nate Nadine Noel Nana Nicholas Nicole Philippe Patty Pablo Paloma Peter Paula Rita Rafael Rebekah Rene Rose Richard Stan Sandy Sebastien Sally Sam Shary Vince Valerie Van Vicky Victor Virginie Wilma William Wendy Wilfred Wanda Walter A: Hurricanes are categorized just like tornadoes. Tornadoes are categorized by how much they “eat” meaning how much they destroyed. Hurricanes are categorized by wind speed, damage, and storm surge. Below are the listing of the categories in which hurricanes are categorized in. the categories are used to decipher how powerful or intense the hurricane really was. ? Light damage: some coastal flooding ? Moderate damage: roofs, doors, windows, flooding ? Extensive damage: to buildings, flooding washes away small coastal structures ? Extreme damage: Total destruction to doors, windows, roof failure, some walls ? Devastating damage: buildings, roofs, structures destroyed. Below are the deadliest hurricanes that ever hit the U.S.# +Moving more than 30 miles per hour; @ Some 345 of these lost on ships at sea; # More than 500 of these lost on ships at sea; 600-900 estimated deaths. In conclusion, hurricanes are I think a wonder of God. There is so much more to the wonders of hurricanes. This is just the tip of the iceberg of what exactly is a hurricane and how do you track it. I hope my report gave you a more of a better idea of how hurricanes are tracked and how they form.
Bibliography:
Bibliography Author Unknown. “History of Hurricane Naming” April. 1998 (last updated) online. U.S. Today available: Http://www.srh.noaa.gov/bro/hurnam.htm Author Unknown. “When, Where Hurricanes Hit” Dec.1998 (last updated) online. available: http://www. uastoday.com/weather/huricane/whclimo.htm
