Subject: [3-2] How do I extract tracks from, or copy all of, an audio CD? Start with the CD-DA FAQ: http://www.tardis.ed.ac.uk/~psyche/cdda/. Take a look at http://come.to/cdspeed to see if your CD-ROM drive is up to the task. EAC, from http://www.exactaudiocopy.de/, is often recommended for extracting (“ripping”) audio tracks. To copy from CD to CD, the source drive needs to support digital audio extraction, which is rare among older drives but very common in current models. Ideally, the copy program will use disc-at-once recording to produce a duplicate that mimics the original as closely as possible (CDRWIN works well; see section (6-1-7)).
Some programs will only copy the CD to the hard drive and from there to CD-R, some will allow CD-to-CD directly but only if the source is a SCSI CD-ROM, and some will work with IDE or SCSI. As with copying CD-ROMs, you must be able to read data off of the source drive faster than your recorder is writing. If you can only extract audio at 1x, you’re not going to be able to do a CD-to-CD copy reliably. If you’re just interested in extracting digital audio, you don’t even need a CD-R unit, just a CD-ROM drive that supports Digital Audio Extraction (DAE) and some software. The CD-DA sites noted at the top of this section list drives that support DAE, have software to evaluate your existing drive, and have links to several different DAE applications. Different drives can extract digital audio at different speeds. For example, the Plextor 6Plex can extract audio at 6x, while the NEC 6Xi can only extract at 1x. The Plextor UltraPlex has been clocked at over 20x. Some CD-ROM and CD-R drives have trouble extracting digital audio at high speed, so if you’re getting lots of clicks and pops when extracting you should try doing it at a slower speed. You may also run into trouble if you try to extract faster than your hard drive can write.
The Term Paper on Digital Media Its Impact On The Film Industry
Digital Media: Its Impact on the Film Industry The popularity of the Internet and home computing has had a dramatic effect on day-to-day life in America and the rest of the modern world. It has changed the way we work, play and even communicate. What was once only available to college students at large universities, and corporations, now is easily accessible by anyone. The so-called Digital ...
One user found that he was able to eliminate clicks and pops by defragmenting his hard drive. Another found that the Win95 “vcache” fix (section (4-1-2)) solved his problems. It should be pointed out that, while digitally extracted audio is an exact copy of the data on the CD, it’s an exact copy as your CD player perceives it. Different drives or different runs with the same drive can extract slightly different data from the same disc. The differences are usually inaudible, however. Some newer drives will report the number of uncorrectable errors encountered, so you can get a sense for how accurate the extraction really is. The quality of the audio on the duplicate CD-R, given a high-quality extraction, depends mostly on how well your CD player gets along with the brand of media you’re using. See the next section for some comments about avoiding clicks and pops. Some drives have trouble starting at the exact start of audio tracks. The extraction starts a few blocks forward of where it should, and ends a few blocks later, so the track may not sound quite right and the extraction program will report errors at the end of the last track. See section (4-19).
The Lite-On LTN483S 48x CD-ROM drive has a fairly unique bit of brain damage: it doesn’t extract the last two seconds of a track correctly. This is only apparent on audio CDs with a “cold stop”, where the music plays right up to the very end of the track. If the track has two seconds of silence at the end, there are no apparent problems. One minor note: the data on audio CDs is stored in “Motorola” big-endian format, with the high byte of each 16-bit word first. AIFF files also use this format, but WAV files use “Intel” little-endian format. Make sure your software deals with the endian-flipping correctly. Byte-swapped CD audio sounds like “static”. Subject: [3-3] How do I get rid of hisses and clicks on audio CDs? If you’re interested in removing noise from audio captured from an analog source, such as a record player or analog cassette tape, skip to section (3-12).
The Term Paper on Experimental Protein Extraction And Separation
ABSTRACT Proteins are the macromolecules that are responsible for most of the bodily functions. By investigating an individual protein, one can be able to understand the functions and structure of an organism. Before this can be done, protein has to be separated from cell components. Using the methods of centrifugation and gel electrophoresis, not only a protein can be separated from cellular ...
This section is about unexpected noise in audio from digital sources, such as tracks extracted from a CD. The single most important rule of noise removal is to figure out where the noise came from. Play the .WAV files off of your hard drive (if you’re doing direct CD-to-CD copies, extract a track and listen to it).
If you hear noise in the .WAV on your hard drive, the digital audio extraction isn’t working very well. You either need to extract more slowly, extract from a different device, find a program that works better, or maybe just clean the dust and grime off the source CD. For more information, including a URL for the CD-DA FAQ, see section (3-2).
If the problem sounds like repeated or skipped samples, rather than clicks or hissing, the problem is probably jitter during extraction. See section (2-15) for an overview. A nifty trick for comparing two .WAV files is to use the “Mix Paste” feature in Cool Edit. Extract a track twice, then use Mix Paste to copy an inverted version of one file on top of the other. The two sound files will cancel each other out wherever they are identical, and have little spikes where they are different. This can be useful for seeing if the problems are only on one channel or are happening at regular intervals. You need to make sure though that both files start at the same place though. If your CD-ROM drive doesn’t always extract from the start of the block, you will need to adjust the files so they line up. Useful things to do with this include comparing two extractions from the same drive, extractions from different drives, or extractions from the CD-R you just wrote to the original .WAV file you used to write it. If you just want to see if the files are the same, use the DOS File Compare command, with the “binary” switch set: FC /B FILE1.WAV FILE2.WAV. Some CD-ROM drives may put a click a few seconds into the first track being extracted.
The Term Paper on Microsoft Double Click
Microsoft Corporation This document provides complementary or late-breaking information to supplement the Microsoft Windows 95 documentation. How to Use This Document To view FAQ. txt on screen in Notepad, maximize the Notepad window. To print FAQ. txt, open it in Notepad or another word processor, and then use the Print command on the File menu. CONTENTS Windows 95 Setup MS-DOS Disk Compression ...
This appears to be related to the drive spinning up. Try starting the extraction, cancelling, and then immediately restarting. The rest of this section only applies if the extracted audio sounds fine on disk, but has problems when played back from the CD-R. If you’re using track-at-once recording, you may get a short click or silent “hiccup” at the start of each track. Hiccups are unavoidable, but you should be able to get rid of the click by using different software. If you’re using disc-at-once recording, and are still getting a short click at the *start* of every track, then your recording software is probably writing the sound file with the headers still on it. You should either use a smarter program, or remove the header manually (see the URL for “WAVECLIP”, below).
If you are getting clicks in the middle of a track, they are either being added when pulling the data off the disc or when writing it. If the .WAV (AIFF on the Mac) file plays without clicks, then your CD recorder may be failing somehow during the write process. Some people who got “static” in audio recorded on an HP 4020i found that reducing the DMA transfer rate to 2MB/sec helped. One user was told by Yamaha tech support that crackling (similar to a dirty vinyl LP) was a symptom of laser misalignment. If you’ve been writing audio CDs for quite a while, but lately you’ve been getting “crackly” results from tried-and-true media, this might be the culprit. Since it requires returning the unit for repair, you should exhaust all other possibilities first. If you are getting clicks at the end of a track, it’s possible that the software used to create the .WAV file put some information at the very end, which is legal but not handled correctly by some CD-R software. See section (3-12) for tips on using CoolEdit to remove the data. If you are finding that tracks extracted from CDs don’t have clicks but tracks that you have recorded or edited do, chances are the data size isn’t a multiple of 2352 bytes, and the last block is being filled with junk.
This is common on live recordings or when large tracks are cut into smaller ones. Jeff Arnold’s DAO will fill out the last block with zeros (digital silence) if there is space left over, but most of the other programs will write garbage that is audible as a short (less than 1/75th second) click. The fix is to split the track on 2352-byte block boundaries. A program called “WAVECLIP” will remove .WAV headers and footers, and will either pad out the last block or remove silence from the end of a WAV file to make it an exact multiple of 2352 bytes. The program is available from http://www.ptialaska.net/~syntec/waveclip.zip. Another choice is “StripWave”, from http://www.lightlink.com/tjweber/. If you must use track-at-once, make sure you’re writing it all in one session. PC-based CD players may be able to see tracks in later sessions, but the CD player in your stereo system can’t. A distantly related problem can arise if you use “shuffle play” to play random tracks from a CD-R. If the audio of track N begins immediately, some CD players will slide from the end of track N-1 into the start of track N, playing a short burst of track N before seeking elsewhere. This can be avoided by putting a gap at the start of such tracks (e.g. with “INDEX 01 xx:yy:zz” in a DAO cue sheet).
The Term Paper on Secondary Storage Disc Data Media
TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction... pg. 2 Factors Creating the Demand For Secondary Storage... pg. 2 Why Buy Optical... pg. 3 CD Physical Characteristics... pg. 4 How Does a CD Work... pg 5 What is a CD-R... pg 5 What is CD-RW... pg 5 How Does A CD-RW Work... pg. 5 Advantages of CD-RW... pg. 5 DVD... pg 6 DVD VS. CD... pg 6 Glossary... pg 7 Questions... INTRODUCTION The use of optical storage ...
Subject: [3-4] How do I copy game console discs (e.g. Playstation, Dreamcast) For PCs, Jeff Arnold has a utility called CDRWIN that can do this. See section (6-1-7).
For Macs, take a look at Astarte’s CD-Copy ( section (6-2-8)).
Note that the software does NOT defeat the copy protection. I’m told that the “copy protection” on Playstation discs is in fact a region code — America, Europe, Japan — encoded near the start of the disc. The “MOD chip”, a device attached to the Playstation that defeats one aspect of the copy protection, emulates the country code reading process. It sends all three region codes back, enabling the game console to play original discs from other regions as well as copied discs. Some people say the code is written in a block with damaged ECC, some say it’s in the barcode on the hub, others have insisted that it’s in the ATIP region of the lead-in. Whatever the case, it doesn’t get copied by a CD recorder, and claims of hacked recorder firmware that can create MOD-chip-free duplicates are false. Instructions for copying discs and vendors who sell MOD chips can be found by searching the net. If you don’t have a PC, or if your drive doesn’t support disc-at-once recording, you will need to look for disc copying instructions on the net. Sega Dreamcast discs use a proprietary format, called GD-ROM, which can hold 1GB of data.
The Essay on File Sharing A Step Ahead In Technology
Have you ever taped music off your favorite radio station? That's the old way you would do if you can't afford the albums. Today people are doing a similar thing, downloading music from the Internet. Downloading music off the Internet is such a convenient way to get your music. It is such a great opportunity for those who are willing to takes their chances, and chances are, they would not get sued ...
This could make them difficult or impossible to copy. Persistent rumors claiming that CeQuadrat’s PacketCD can copy the discs are false. GD-R (Gigabyte Disc Recordable) media has two regions, a “single-density” area near the hub and a “high-density” area farther out. A visual inspection of GD-R media suggests that the single-density area starts at about 22mm from the disc’s center (same as a CD-R) and goes to 29mm. From 29mm to 31mm is a “no-mans” land that isn’t recordable, and the high-density area goes from 31mm to 58mm. An image of one is available on http://www.fadden.com/cdrpics/. Incidentally, posting requests or advertisements for pirated software on one of the non-warez Usenet groups is generally regarded as a mark of extreme stupidity. Whatever your opinion of software piracy, it is against the law in much of the world. Subject: [3-5] How do I get long filenames onto a disc? There are several different ways, most of which only work with some operating systems. The next few sections discuss the various methods. See http://www.adaptec.com/tools/compatibility/cdrecfilename.html for a detailed description with some examples.
Getting mixed-case filenames onto a disc is a similar problem. Burning an ISO-9660 disc with lower-case filenames isn’t recommended, because some systems aren’t able to access the files even though they appear in directory listings. “mkhybrid” and recent versions of “mkisofs” (1.12b1 or later), described in sections (6-1-32) and (6-1-10), respectively, are able to create CDs that have both Joliet and Rock Ridge extensions. “mkhybrid” can create discs with Joliet, Rock Ridge, and Mac HFS on the same disc, sharing the same file data. Level 1 ISO-9660 defines names to be the familiar 8+3 convention that MS-DOS users have suffered through for many years: eight characters for the name, a period (“full stop” for those of you in the U.K.), followed by three characters for the file type, all in upper case. The only allowed characters are A-Z, 0-9, ‘.’, and ‘_’. There’s also a file version number, separated from the name by a semicolon, but it’s usually ignored. Files must occupy a contiguous range of sectors. This allows a file to be specified with a start block and a count. (Most disk-based filesystems require index blocks that list all the blocks used by a file.) The maximum directory depth is 8.
The Essay on Database vs File System
My primary concern is availability, integrity, quality and easy accessibility of information resources. A customised file system provides hierarchical storage and organization of files mostly on a single computer and it is usually part of the operating system of the computer the files are stored. File system stores bytes on a computer and the structure is imposed by the creator of the file. For a ...
Level 2 ISO-9660 allows far more flexibility in filenames, but isn’t usable on some systems, notably MS-DOS. Level 3 ISO-9660 allows non-contiguous files, useful if the file was written in multiple packets with packet-writing software. Some of the CD creation programs will let you select how closely you want the CD to conform to the ISO-9660 standard. For example, Easy-CD Pro 95 can restrict filenames to be ISO-9660 compliant, or allow the full set of valid MS-DOS filenames. (Most systems can handle MS-DOS filenames.) Incidentally, the ISO-9660 spec requires that all files be displayed in alphabetical order, with directories first, no matter how they are recorded on the CD-ROM. You can’t arrange files on the disc, because the ISO-9660 reader (e.g. MSCDEX) sorts them before displaying them. The Rock Ridge extensions to ISO-9660 define a way for UNIX-isms like long mixed-case filenames and symbolic links to be supported. Because it’s still an ISO-9660 filesystem, the files can still be read by machines that don’t support Rock Ridge; they just won’t see the long forms of the names. Rock Ridge is supported by UNIX systems. DOS, Windows, and the Mac don’t currently support it. Copies of the Rock Ridge standard and System Use Sharing Protocol (SUSP) can be found at ftp://ftp.ymi.com/pub/rockridge/. Pay a visit to http://makecd.core.de/Rock_Ridge_Amiga_Specific for a description of Amiga-specific extensions.
Bibliography:
HFS is the Hierarchical File System, used by the Macintosh. This is used in place of the ISO-9660 filesystem, making the disc unusable on systems that don’t support HFS. At present, the systems that can read HFS CD-ROMS are Macs, Amigas (with AmiCDROM, available from ftp://ftp.cdrom.com/pub/aminet/disk/cdrom/), PCs running Linux or OS/2 (with appropriate patches), the Apple IIgs, and SGI machines running Irix (they appear as AppleDouble format).
Some authoring packages for the Mac and Windows allow the creation of “hybrid” CDs that have both an ISO-9660 filesystem and an HFS filesystem. Apple has defined some ISO-9660 extensions that allow Macintosh files to exist with file and creator types on ISO-9660 CD-ROMs. A description of the extensions is available as tech note FL 36 from: http://developer.apple.com/technotes/fl/fl_36.html Subject: [3-5-4] Joliet (2000/01/15) Microsoft, being Microsoft, created their own standard called “Joliet”. This is currently supported by Win95 and WinNT. It’s useful when doing backups from Win95 onto a CD-R, because the disc is still readable as ISO-9660 but shows the long filenames under Win95. The limit on Joliet filenames is 64 characters. The spec can be found at http://www-plateau.cs.berkeley.edu/people/chaffee/jolspec.html. Recent versions of Linux (kernel >= 2.0.34 and 2.1.60) have Joliet support. Older versions can be patched; for details, see http://www-plateau.cs.berkeley.edu/people/chaffee/joliet.html. To patch Joliet support into OS/2, visit: http://service.software.ibm.com/os2ddpak/html/miscellb/os_2warp/updatedc/index.htm Some old Creative CD-ROM drivers have trouble with CD-ROMs that have Joliet filenames. You may need an updated copy of sbided95.exe, available from http://www.ctlsg.creaf.com/wwwnew/tech/ftp/ftp-cd.html. Finder support for Joliet is not yet available on the Macintosh. You can see the long filenames with a PC emulator.
