The immediate starting-point of Plato’s philosophical speculation was the Socratic teaching. In his attempt to define the conditions of knowledge so as to refute sophistic skepticism, Socrates had taught that the only true knowledge is a knowledge by means of concepts. The concept, he said, represents all the reality of a thing. As used by Socrates, this was merely a principle of knowledge. Plato took it up as a principle of Being. If the concept represents all the reality of things, the reality must be something in the ideal order, not necessarily in the things themselves, but rather above them, in a world by itself (Chaput, C.
p. 2).
For the concept, therefore, Plato substitutes the Idea. He completes the work of Socrates by teaching that the objectively real Ideas are the foundation and justification of scientific knowledge. At the same time he has in mind a problem which claimed much attention from pre-Socratic thinkers, the problem of change. The Platonic theory of Ideas is an attempt to solve this crucial question by a metaphysical compromise.
The Eleatic’s, Plato said, are right in maintaining that reality does not change; for the ideas are immutable. Still, there is, as contended, change in the world of our experience, or, as Plato terms it, the world of phenomena. Plato, then, supposes a world of Ideas apart from the world of our experience, and immeasurably superior to it. He imagines that all human souls dwelt at one time in that higher world.
The Essay on Plato Vs Aristotle World Knowledge Reality
How do we explain the world around us How can we get to the truth Plato and Aristotle began the quest to find the answers thousands of years ago. Amazingly, all of philosophy since that time can be described as only a rehashing of the original argument between Plato and Aristotle. Plato and Aristotle's doctrines contrast in the concepts of reality, knowledge at birth, and the mechanism to find the ...
When, therefore, we behold in the shadow-world around us a phenomenon or appearance of anything, the mind is moved to a remembrance of the Idea (of that same phenomenal thing) which it formerly contemplated. In its delight it wonders at the contrast, and by wonder is led to recall as perfectly as possible the intuition it enjoyed in a previous existence. This is the task of philosophy. Philosophy, therefore, consists in the effort to ris from the knowledge of phenomena, or appearances, to the noumena, or realities (Chaput, C.
p. 4).
Humes beliefs of philosophical ideas was that there is a considerable difference between the perception of the mind, when man feels the pain of excessive heat, or the pleasure of moderate warmth, but then anticipates that this is caused by his imagination. These ideas may seem to be the same as a persons sense, but they can never reach the origin of thought.
Hume strongly believes that when these senses fall upon us, we could say that we almost feel or see it. According to Hume, when we reflect our past sentiments and affections, our thought is a faithful mirror, and copies its objects truly. He now feels that we may divide all the perceptions of the mind into two classes or species, which are distinguished by their different degree of force. The less forcible and lively are commonly noted as Thoughts or Ideas. The other species want a name in the language, and others not to have any specific purpose in philosophy.
Therefore we can use a little freedom, and call them Impressions; employing that word in a sense somewhat different from the usual (Hume, 316).
Impressions are distinguished from Ideas, which are less lively perceptions, when we reflect on any of those sensations or movements above mentioned. At first sight, nothing may seem more weird than the thought of man because the imagination of man can act in strange ways. It could form monsters and weird appearances that could ponder our minds into different regions of the universe. What never was seen, or heard of, may yet be conceived; nor is any thing beyond the power of the imagination (Chaput, C. p.
8).
Descartes philosophical ideas were formed to believe is the sole aim meaning and the purpose of living. His theory in a nutshell is cogito ergo sum, I think, therefore I am. Descartes was mainly concerned with the issue of personal identity and then decided to use external objects to provide evidence to his investigation. To prove the Idea of I think, therefore I am, Descartes used an apple. He called this experiment the Wax Example.
The Essay on Fantasy and Imagination
Why did Maria Montessori encourage the development of imagination rather than fantasy? Why not fantasy under the age of 6 years old? How can we stimulate imagination and its productivity? Give detailed relevant examples. “Imagination extends man beyond his wildest dreams-fantasy will ultimately limit him.” There is difference between Fantasy and imagination that people seem to misunderstand and ...
The apple was used to compare the question of who am I which is the personal identity. Descartes strongly believed that our personal identity is more clear and fundamental than perception of external objects. This means that since we can think and have our senses, it is easier to believe that we did have a personal identity. Since the apple can not ask itself am I alive, therefore the apple could not have the identity. Descartes using two pieces of wax argued this case. The one piece of wax was used while it was in solid state and the other after the wax had been melted by fire.
Descartes argues that our senses alone cannot inform us of the continuity of the two states of the wax since none of the qualities of the wax remain the same. The wax example could also not be determined by an imagination of what the wax could else have done. Meaning that the one wax could not do what the other did after it had been melted. Descartes believes that sight, touch, imagination does not establish the continuity of the wax, but it is established by the (intellect) imagination of man himself. The human mind can play a trick upon itself, but all in the end the mind is having an imagination that does not really exist. The other Idea Descartes describes is people who walk bye everyday.
When I look out the window, I conclude that I see people crossing the road. All that appears to my senses, though, is clothing (Descartes, 247).
This statement does not mean that he does not see the people themselves, but he does see the clothing and hats that cover the parts of their bodies. This statement argues that the people have two different things, the mind and the body.
The clothing covers the body, which is the extended thing, and the mind, the thinking thing suggests that all you see is the clothing over the people. This argument does show that the appearance is a person, but the mind of Descartes proves to show that his imagination just makes him see the clothes and hats on the people. Even if Descartes is wrong and we understand the wax through our senses and imagination, he still believes that the mind mentally has a great imagination. The final argument Descartes can end on is if the wax exists through sight or imagination, this presupposes that he himself does exist. In conclusion all of these men have great thinking strategies.
The Essay on The Natural Mind Altered State Of Consciousness
The Natural Mind, by Andrew Weil, is a book about humans and their interaction with an altered state of consciousness. To find a way to help the drug problem, the problem with humans and psychoactive drugs, Weil explores the positive aspects of drugs. His stand is not that drugs are good but that when a person alters their consciousness it is not all bad. Three of his concepts in this book really ...
I feel that Descartes did describe and firmly state evidence that supports his reasoning for I think, therefore I am. He decided to use evidence of things in our society today to better help provide evidence for his Ideas. Such as in class discussions we stated answers to both sides of the spectrum. Even though Descartes statement had a little less impact on the class, I firmly agreed with his points of view. All three Hume, Descartes, and Plato had relatively the same mind, but all took up different perceptions of the ideas.
