“Imagine a boardroom of corporate executives, along with their lawyers, accountants, and investment bankers, plotting to take over a public company. The date is set; an announcement is due within weeks. Meeting adjourned, many of them phone their brokers and load up on the stock of the target company. When the takeover is announced, the share price zooms up and the lucky ‘investors’ dump their holdings for millions in profits.” First things first – insider trading is perfectly legal. Officers and directors who owe a fiduciary duty to stockholders have just as much right to trade a security as the next investor. But the crucial distinction between legal and illegal insider trading lies in intent. What this paper plans to investigate is the illegal aspects of insider trading.
What is insider trading? According to Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, it is “any manipulative or deceptive device in connection with the purchase or sale of any security.” This ruling served as a deterrent for the early part of this century before the stock market became such a vital part of our lives. But as the 1960’s arrived and illegal insider activity began to pick up, courts were handcuffed by this vague definition. So judicial members were forced to interpret “on the fly” since Congress never gave a concrete definition. As a result, two theories of insider trading liability have evolved over the past three decades through judicial and administrative interpretation: the classical theory and the misappropriation theory. The classical theory is the type of illegal activity one usually thinks of when the words “insider trading” are mentioned. The theory’s framework emerged from the 1961 SEC administrative case of Cady Roberts. This was the SEC’s first attempt to regulate securities trading by corporate insiders. The ruling paved the way for the traditional way we define insider trading – “trading of a firm’s stock or derivatives assets by its officers, directors and other key employees on the basis of information not available to the public.” The Supreme Court officially recognized the classical theory in the 1980 case U.S. v. Chiarella.
The Term Paper on Principles Of Business Insider Trading
Principles of Business: Insider Trading Contents Abstract 1 The Scenario 2 Identification and Description of the Crime 2 Agency Responsible for Prosecuting the Crime 3 Prescribed Punishments 5 Real-life Examples 5 Conclusion 6 References 6 Abstract Insider trading has been a recurring phenomenon in almost every place in the world that boasts of a securities market. It is major crime that is mostly ...
U.S. v. Chiarella was the first criminal case of insider trading. Vincent Chiarella was a printer who put together the coded packets used by companies preparing to launch a tender offer for other firms. Chiarella broke the code and bought shares of the target companies based on his knowledge of the takeover bid. He was eventually caught, and his case clarified the terms of what has come to be known as the classical theory of insider trading. However, the Supreme Court reversed his conviction on the grounds that the existing insider trading law only applied to people who owed a fiduciary responsibility to those involved in the transaction. This sent the SEC scrambling to find a way to hold these “outsiders” equally accountable. As a result, the misappropriation theory evolved over the last two decades. It attempted to include these “outsiders” under the broad classifications of insider trading. An outsider is a “person not within or affiliated with the corporation whose stock is traded.” Before this theory came into existence, only people who worked for or had a direct legal relationship with a company could be held liable. Now casual investors in possession of sensitive information who were not involved with the company could be held to the same standards as CEOs and directors.
The Research paper on Case Study and Statistics on FPL Energy
FPL Energy is one of the nation's leading independent generators of electricity. Dedicated to generating clean energy, 80 % of its capacity is fueled by clean and renewable resources. The United States is the nation with the largest generator of wind energy, and it operates the two largest solar fields in the world. FPL Group, with annual revenues of more than $8 billion, is one of the nation's ...
This theory stemmed from a 1983 case, Dirks v. SEC, but the existence of the misappropriation theory had not been truly recognized until U.S. v. O’Hagan in 1995. The case – U.S. v. O’Hagan – involved an attorney at a Minneapolis law firm. He learned that a client of his firm (Grand Met) was about to launch a takeover bid for Pillsbury, even though he wasn’t directly involved in the deal. The lawyer then bought a very sizable amount of Pillsbury stock options at a price of $39. After Grand Met announced its tender offer, the price of Pillsbury stock rose to nearly $60 a share. When the smoke finally cleared, O’Hagan had made a profit of more than $4.3 million.
He was initially convicted, but the verdict was overturned. The case bounced around in the Court of Appeals for several years before it made its way to the Supreme Court. It is there the Supreme Court held that O’Hagan could be prosecuted for using inside information, even if he did not work for Pillsbury or owe any legal duty to the company. In a 6-3 ruling, the court indicted O’Hagan and, in doing so, upheld the foundation of the misappropriation theory.
I believe that the SEC is correct in its efforts to punish this white-collar activity, but there is still much work to be done. According to Rule 16(b), “if an insider buys and sells a security in any six-month period leading up to or following a significant company event, he must hand over his profit to the company.” Suppose a board member buys some stock, and four months later Microsoft comes along and buys his company. The profits are taken back from that transaction and the executive is left with nothing to show for his investment. You can see the one-sidedness of this rule. Executives must take the losses, but the company takes back the gains.
However, in order to secure confidence in our markets, it is essential that there be some type of governing backbone to protect our investments. Going back to the O’Hagan case, consider yourself a small shareholder in Grand Met before the tender offer is announced. You have no idea of the takeover bid because it is material, nonpublic information. Naturally, Pillsbury wants its shareholders to receive a premium on the deal. O’Hagan comes along and buys millions of dollars worth of Pillsbury stock. At the time of negotiations, the price of the stock was $39. But due to O’Hagan’s heavy buying, Pillsbury’s market price jumps to $47 on circulating rumors of a possible takeover. In order for Grand Met to follow through on the acquisition, they must now pay a premium over the $47 market price, instead of the $39. The acquiring company’s shareholders are now penalized and must pay more for Pillsbury, possibly affecting their own stock.
The Essay on Stock Trading Market Company Money
Stock Trading or Gambling? "The stock market is a great cauldron of the hopes, desires, and despairs of speculators, or traders. If it were not for the speculators, there would be no active stock market. If it not for speculators, America would not stand where she does, as the leading industrial country in the world. We may deplore speculation, but if it were not for this outpouring of money for ...
Now consider a hypothetical situation opposite of the previous scenario. You are a shareholder in Grand Met and approaching retirement. Grand Met is currently trading at $39 a share. O’Hagan is a major shareholder and receives a tip about Grand Met possibly going bankrupt. He goes out and quietly sells his shares, while you continue to hold onto yours. The announcement is made a week later that Grand Met is indeed filing for bankruptcy. By this time, you have reacted too slowly and the market price dives to $5 a share. Is this what you had in mind heading into retirement? Scenarios like this become reality on a regular basis. One of the most famous insider trading scandals in history involved a man named Ivan Boesky. He illegally obtained secrets about impending mergers to buy and sell stock before the mergers became public knowledge. Mr. Boesky made a “$200 million fortune by profiting off stock price volatility as corporate mergers came together and fell apart.” His case brought national exposure to illegal insider trading in the 1980s and helped pave the way for other big-shot criminals such as Dennis Levine, Martin Siegal, and Michael Milken to pay the price.
Boesky cooperated with officials and had to pay $100 million in fines and received 26 months in prison. But that still leaves $100 million in change left over from his illegal activities. So, in other words, as long as you cooperate, you’ll only lose half on your trade-in. Is that the kind of “hard-core” message we want to send to these white-collar criminals? So why risk lawsuits or even prison? The answer is obvious – greed. The potential of making millions of dollars in a single week greatly outweighs the risk of getting caught in many people’s eyes. In the recent Duracell International takeover of Gillette Co., the SEC found that 18 people netted more than $1 million in trading securities of the two companies in a two-day period before the acquisition became public. The SEC currently has suits pending on those trades. According to William McLucas, director of enforcement at the SEC, about forty-five insider trading cases are pursued every year. Ironically, that number is the same as the amount of cases pursued in the “go-go 1980s,” when legendary insider trading scandals were continually making headlines. In 1997, the New York Stock Exchange referred forty-eight insider trading investigations to the SEC, while the NASDAQ referred 121.
The Research paper on Overview Of Information Technology Tools For Supply Chain Management
Information Technology (IT) and its use in organizations and across the supply chain has become a determinant of competitive advantage for many corporations. This paper focuses the usage of IT tools for Supply Chain Management (SCM). It also highlights the contribution of IT in helping to restructure the entire distribution set up to achieve higher service levels and lower inventory and lower ...
“Regulators say the brisk pace of mergers and acquisitions is behind a lot of insider trading now.” But for the most part, most of the cases today have that “next-door neighbor” feeling. Relatives and friends of employees pocketing a quick $5,000 after buying shares of a company’s stock before a merger has replaced the high profile cases of the 1980s. This has placed greater pressure on enforcement There is always going to be a “gray zone.” “If all the information was public property, there would be no incentive for share analysts and others to seek it. For markets to work, there have to be private rights to valuable information.” And that is where the line is drawn in the sand. When does private turn into public information? “There’s always going to be a moment when information passes from being confidential business information that the company has guarded to being market gossip.” It is unrealistic to expect our courts to pinpoint the exact time when a company’s secrets become the street’s common news.
But steps can be taken to control sensitive information from getting out in the public. First, “close the loop.” The less exposure there is to investment bankers and advisers, the less potential of information leaking to the public. Secondly, “speed it up.” Try not to stretch out the process of negotiations too long. Thirdly, “think like a spy.” Avoid the use of facsimile machines, cellular phones, and e-mail as much as possible. And finally, “lay it on the line.” Make it clear to both parties involved in the deal that leaks will not be tolerated. In 1980, one out of seventeen U.S. households had money in stocks and bonds. Today, it’s one out of three. The expansion of mutual funds and 401(k) plans in the 1980s dumped huge amounts of money into the market. Greed follows opportunity, and as money continues to pour into the market, illegal insider trading will continue to grow.
The Essay on Insider Trading Stock Information Market
Insider Trading In our economic economy today, we have gotten a few high profile cases were people have tried to make money by using illegal tactics, and these are illegal tactics are based on the insider information. These high profile cases were on Martha Stewart and President George W. Bush. This is why I chose to write my paper on what exactly "Insider Trading" is. Insider trading has to do ...
In conclusion, knowledge is power in today’s business world. And where power goes, manipulation can’t be far behind. Not a day goes by without talk of a new merger, acquisition, or IPO – that is why illegal insider trading has become an ongoing problem. Just remember one thing. When faced with a situation where you may be exposed to illegal insider trading, use the golden rule – “If a lead sounds too good to be true, it probably is.”
Bibliography:
Amado, Ralph. “Are You at Risk for Insider Trading Liability?” University of Pennsylvania Almanac. January 13, 1998. http://www.upenn.edu/almanac/v44/n17/traderisk.html. Defterios, John. “Insider Trading Persists.” CNNfn. October 16, 1996. http://europe.cnnfn.com/markets/9610/16/insidertrading_pkg/index.htm Galen, Michele. “Insider Trading: To Squelch It, First Define It.” Business Week. May 21, 1990. Meulbroek, L. K. “An Empirical Analysis of Illegal Insider Trading.” Journal of Finance 47, no. 5. 1661-99. New York: Oxford University. Meulbroek, L. K., and Hart, C. “The Effect of Illegal Insider Trading on Takeover Premia.” European Finance Review, Volume 1, Number 1 1997: 51-80. Perryman, M. Ray. “If an Inside Tip Sounds Too Good To Be Legal, It’s Likely Not.” San Antonio Business Journal. December 16, 1996. http://www.amcity.com/sanantonio/stories/121696/editorial3.html. Pitt, Harvey L. “Misappropriating Certainty From the Securities Markets: A Practitioner’s Primer on the O’Hagan Decision.” Fried, Frank, Harris, Shriver & Jacobson.
The Term Paper on The Effects Of Illegal Drugs On American Society
The Effects of Illegal Drugs on American Society (1) Ever since the end of WW2, it has become a statement of good taste, among American politicians, to refer to U.S. as the greatest country on Earth, the globes strongest geopolitical power, the defender of democracy in the whole world etc. Even, as recent as twenty years ago, such referrals did correspond to the objective reality, as it was the ...
August 6, 1997. http://www.ffhsj.com/firmpage/CMEMOS/0111906.htm. Porter, Jim. “Law Review: Court Rules on Insider Trading.” Tahoe World. July 3, 1997. http://www.tahoe.com/worldarchive3.97/opinion/porte03Jul5681.html. Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Section 21A. Civil Penalties for Insider Trading. http://www.law.uc.edu/CCL/34Act/sec21A.html Smith, Anne Kates. “Betrayers of Trust.” U.S. News. November 19, 1998. http://www4.usnews.com/usnews/issue/970707/7insi.htm. Springsteel, Ian. “Shhhhh!” CFO Magazine. October 1996. http://www.cfopub.com/html/Articles/CFO/1996/96Ocwall.html. Staff. “Regulators Move to Catch New Wave of Insiders.” Baltimore Business Journal. 1998. http://search.amcity.com/baltimore/stories/010598/smallb3.html. The-Advisor.com. “What Exactly is Insider Trading?” November 2, 1999. http://www.1800adviser.com/Money/what.htm. Walker, John. “Insiders and Rule 16(b).” http://www.fourmilab.ch/autofile/www/section2_34_5.html. Wells, Rob. “Decade Passed Since Boesky Squealed to Feds.” The Standard Times. November 15, 1996. http://www.s-t.com/daily/11-96/11-15-96/a06bu037.htm.
