IVF – In Vitro Fertilization The miracle of babies born through in vitro fertilization (IVF) no longer seems so miraculous. Today! s technology in IVF is advancing at a rate so rapid that it confuses those receiving treatment. There are may factors leading to, diagnosing and treating of infertility. However, I will be focusing on a more specific case scenario to evaluate. First let! s take a look at, what Is In Vitro Fertilization? Simply stated, IVF involves removing eggs from a woman, fertilizing them in the laboratory (in a culture dish, actually, not a test tube) and then transferring the fertilized eggs into the uterus a few days later. More specifically, after super ovulation with hormones to produce multiple eggs, an Embryologist places the retrieved eggs in sterile culture media along with processed sperm and keeps them at normal body temperature inside an incubator, where fertilization and early cell division take place.
Then the fertilized and dividing eggs are returned to the uterus. From that point, if the fertilized eggs implant successfully and become embryos, the pregnancy progresses as it would naturally. However, more recent controversy is not with the collection or fertilization of these eggs, but is with when they will be transferred back. Earlier IVF standards were to transfer the fertilized eggs on day 3 post retrieval. New technology in this field has been pushing the envelope and has transferred back fertilized eggs as late as day 5-6 post retrieval. This is pushing the envelop for day six is the longest the fertilized egg can survive outside the womb for days 6-7 is when the fertilized egg will implant.
The Term Paper on Assisted Reproductive Techniques Vitro Fertilization
... them together in a laboratory dish for fertilization. The fertilized eggs are then transferred two to six days later into the female partner's uterus. After ... technique the name zygote is given to the fertilized eggs. Like IVF, the actual fertilization of the eggs is observed and confirmed in the laboratory. ...
On days 1-4 post retrieval the single cell has divided to a mass of 8-16. On day 5-6 post retrieval the cells are now rapidly dividing and the fertilized egg is now called a Blastocyst. Both day 3 and day 5 transfers have discernable pros and cons and leave questions that today! s technology is unable to answer. This leads me to my hypothesis: success rates for day 5 transfers!’ Y day 3 transfers. The null hypothesis: day 5 transfers < day 3 transfers. The importance of this study is to make an informed decision on whether the increased success rate of a 5 day transfer (5 dt) justify the risk of a dramatic increase in failing of fertilized eggs in a 5 dt as opposed to a 3 dt.
Pros 3 dt: Decreased number of failing fertilized eggs resulting in an increased number surviving until day of transfer. Cons 3 dt: The uterus may not be properly prepared for implantation. A woman’s hormonal support after embryo transfer may be inadequate. With the survival (success) rate being low more fertilized eggs are transferred resulting in an increased risk of multiples. Pros: Thought to have a higher success rate than a 3 dt. Cons 5 dt: The first few days in incubation outside of the body, the pre-embryos won’t keep dividing at the normal rate as inside the woman’s reproductive tract.
Days 4-6 show a dramatic increase of failing fertilized eggs leaving many couples with nothing left to transfer. To achieve pregnancy, there must be successful responses to ovulation medication, egg collection, fertilization, embryo replacement, and subsequent implantation. Failures can occur at any step along the way. For example, of thirty women who start an IVF cycle, six may have their cycle dropped because of inadequate stimulation.
Of the remaining twenty-four women who undergo egg retrieval, only twenty-one may get to the point of embryo transfer, with three having eggs that didn’t fertilize and divide. Of the twenty-one who have embryo transfers, only five might achieve a clinical pregnancy if the clinic’s pregnancy rate is 25 percent per embryo transfer. One of those five is likely to miscarry, leaving only four couples that may have a live born infant. This means the live birth rate is only 4/30 or 14 percent. So, now you can see how this is an important issue for couples in an IVF cycle! -and all this before you add in the emotional, monetary cost and health risk factors. 300 US clinics reporting IVF transfer procedures to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 1999 with a total of 35, 554 couples for IVF transfer procedures.
The Essay on Biogeochemical Cycles And Human Impacts
Biogeochemical Cycles and Human Impacts The carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, and phosphorus cycle all play a big role in our environment. They are some of the key components that are recycled to create pathways know as the biogeochemical cycles. All the chemical elements that make up living cells must be recycled continuously in order for the living components of a major ecosystem to survive. The ...
With the myriad of variables in IVF I will be limiting my study to the following sample parameters: women ages 30-34 that have been diagnosed specifically with unexplained infertility (does not present with any physical, biological, chromosomal abnormalities, or chemical findings resulting in a diagnosis of impaired fertility) and no male factor involved. When reporting success rates, the Fertility Clinic Success Rate and Certification Act of 1992 (HR 4773) directs the selection of a secretary of Health and Human Services to develop a model program for the certification of embryo laboratories. It also requires ART programs to provide their success rates to the Center for Disease Control (CDC) for annual publication. This law standardizes reporting procedures so that “success” rates reflect the actual number of pregnancies in relation to completed ART (Assisted Reproductive Technology) cycles. With the clinic! s strict guidelines of reporting, protocol for the retrieval and handling of the eggs while in the culture media, I! m relieved of the burden in further breaking down the reported data into clinics of similar protocol and allows me to expand my sample size immensely. This reporting protocol now keeps a clinic from basing their pregnancy success rates as the number of couples who conceived clinical pregnancies divided by the total number of couples treated, regardless of how many treatment cycles they had.
With the success rates now being reported as pregnancy ratio per treatment cycle or per embryo transfer by all clinics, it is now easier (and more fair) to compare. Data/ Calculations: Original sample was n = 44573 to exclude cycles that did not progress to embryo transfer (n = 8890) and cycles for which patient age was either missing (n = 79), younger than 30 years (n = 4590), or older than 34 years (n = 5016) and whose original diagnosis could be explained (n = 22, 774).
The Essay on Bryophyte And Pteropyte Life Cycles A Comparecontrast
Although Bryophytes and Pterophytes are both plant divisions with a common ancestor, they have little in common. While Bryophytes (mosses) are generally nonvascular and very short in height, Pterophytes (ferns) are vascular plants that usually grow much taller than mosses. While the dominant generation in mosses is the gametophyte, ferns exhibit the sporophyte generation. The details of their ...
The final sample included 3, 223 fresh, non-donor IVF cycles. Because these cycles were limited to those that progressed to embryo transfer, this number actually represents 3, 223 IVF transfer procedures. A total number of 987 live births were reported (multiple births from 1 pregnancy were counted as 1 live birth).
A 5 dt with 2 embryos transferred, live-birth rates were 19.
7% (634), for women aged 30 to 34. A 3 dt with 2 embryos transferred, live-birth rates were 11. 6% (374), for women aged 30 to 34. The American Society of Reproductive Medicine has an IVF registry about individual IVF clinics and their success rates..
