Book 1 Chapter 1
1a. Cave art was found in Europe, Africa, Australia, North America and western France. It is estimated that the art was done around ten to thirty thousand years ago. Mostly hunters painted on the walls before they went out for a hunt. Cave art was done by painting with polychrome mineral pigments and shaded with burnt coal and bitumen, and was usually drawn in the inaccessible part of the caves, one over the other. The art was usually animals such as bears, bulls, lions, zebras, fish, birds, horses, reindeer and other creatures, wounded by spears or running. It was usually done as a ritual before they went out to hunt. They were not clear and drawn over one another. Their art was more of a prayer with faith that prayer and the proper symbols would change destiny.
1b. There have been many female statuettes found around the world. The art was usually depicting women as pregnant or as life givers. They were seen as the continuation of the tribe and as healers and nurturers. Women had a special importance since they were perceived as life givers and has the power of procreation. She is also seen in images using special words and gestures during a hunting ritual.
2a. The development of agriculture was important because it change us from a nomadic population to one of farmers and cattle raisers. It allowed us to settle down in one spot and learn how to grow food, raise animals, and learn the benefits of animals. We domesticated herds and learn how to make leather and wool. We eventually made communities of farmers and herders. The primary concern of this new found lifestyle was the seasonal cycle and when the lean months of winter came around. They had to learn the benefits of rain and sunshine, and it’s power. They learned to produce surplus food for winter and make woven rugs and textiles for comfort against rain and wind.
The Essay on Fine Art Students Arts Learn
Jules Verne once imagined men going to the moon, traveling the solar system, exploring the sea in electronic submarines and traveling the world in 80 days. In modern times mankind has gone to the moon and back several times, scientists are exploring space through satellites, submarines have allowed us to explore and understand the once dark and mysterious sea, and any person can literally circle ...
2b. Stonehenge, located in southern England, is thought to be a ceremonial burial site since megaliths are placed in circle and have horizontal slaps on the top. Another thought is that Stonehenge is a sacred calendar that would predict the movement of the sun and moon, clocking the seasonal cycle for the agricultural community.
3a. Around 4000 B.C.E. civilization began to emerge in Mesopotamia, which is in Southwest Asia between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, which is also known as the Fertile Crescent. Sumer had about a dozen cities that were located in the southeastern part of the Fertile Crescent, and is the oldest civilization that we know of. Around 500 years later the Egyptian civilization came along the Nile River in Northeast Africa. In India the oldest civilization was found in the valley of the Indus River. In China one was found in the northern part of the plains between the Yellow River and the Yangzi River. The necessary ingredients would appear to be a main source of water for food, thirst, bathing, and many other things.
3b. Writing was developed as a way of record keeping and accounting. Since most were symbols of products traded it is believed that those are the earliest form of writing. The first form of writing is known as pictographs. Another way to show that early civilization had control over nature is the use of metallurgy. It would provide them with harder more durable tools and weapons and eventually bronze.
4a. The word myth describes a certain idea for an answer, with no proof, but has historical validity. Myths were used to makes answers for early civilizations, such as how the earth come to exist. They were representing a pattern of belief for that culture.
4b. The first myth describes a world that was created spontaneously by sweet and bitter waters mixing together. Slowly a family of gods is developed by offspring and the world comes into being.
The Term Paper on How Important the Nile River Is to Egypt.
The civilization of ancient Egypt was indebted to the Nile River and its dependable seasonable flooding. The river’s predictability and the fertile soils it provided allowed the Egyptians to build an empire on the basis of great agricultural wealth. Egyptians are credited as being one of the first groups to practice agriculture on a large scale. This was possible because of the ingenuity of the ...
Chapter 2
1a. The natural forces that were sacred to Egyptians were sunlight, the sun god, the Nile, and the mountain less ground around them. The sun god was their creator of seed and very honored, the sun represents the birth and rebirth of the gods and their victories over darkness, the mountain less ground represented them as resting on the waters of the underworld, and the Nile was the major source of life for the Egyptians. The Hymn to Aten describes Aten as the one who started life and the creator of lands and earth. His abilities are those of the sun, causing light and darkness on the land. He provides cattle, allows trees and plants to grow, birds to fly, ships to sail, fish to swim, and women to have babies. Aten is a universal god because religion has the one tat started it all and is the creator and life giver.
1b. Osiris is the ruler of the underworld and god of the dead, who is married to his sister Isis. Set is Osiris’ brother who killed him by chopping him into pieces and throwing him into the Nile. Isis, who is the Queen of Heaven, gathered the pieces and restored Osiris then conceived a son and named him Horus who then avenged his dad and killed Set. This story describes the central idea of resurrection that was believed throughout Egypt. The Pharaoh was the ruler in the name of the sun god and was often identified with Horus. The Sphinx guards the entrance to the ceremonial complex at Gizeh.
2a. In Egyptian art the figures are sized by importance – the higher the rank the bigger the art. The male art usually outsized the females and servants. When bodies were drawn the upper torso is turned toward the front while the legs are shown from the side along with the head but the eyes are frontal and the feet are from the side. The word conceptual means based on preconceived ideas rather than based on visual evidence. Building the pyramids were an act of faith because of the danger that went with it. People fought, huge blocks were lifted hundreds of feet that weighed thousands of pounds.
The Essay on Sun Tzu: The Art Of War
Sun Tzu is the author of “Art of War”, one of the most influential and sought-after books about strategies in battles. However, the Art of War now applied in other fields like politics, business, sports and many more. Sun Tzu is a military general and philosopher who led several battles into a success with the use of deception, manipulation and unpredictable tactics. Sun Tzu was believed to have ...
2b. The burial process began with a ten-week embalming process that removes the vital organs. His corpse is then wrapped in fine linen and placed on a decorated coffin and floated down the Nile to his burial site. This was done to ensure that the Pharaoh would join the sun and govern over the people. The tomb was a palace for eternity. The walls depicted his life and his room was filled his most prized possessions. The Book of the Dead was a collection of funeral prayers that guided and prepared the living for judgment and date back as far as 4000 B.C.E.
3a. The weather of Mesopotamia was one of extreme weather changes, including drought, flood, fierce rainstorms, wind and hail. The Euphrates flooded without warning and destroyed villages and cities. They were exposed to enemies and were often attacked, which lead to an insecure and fearful community. Their myths were filled with physical and spiritual despair and were consistent in chaos and conflict. Their art was violent and full of woe. A ziggurat is massive towers, steep steps, and a temple like top that was used for sanctuaries to protect gods and goddess. It was the spiritual center of the city-state and had priests and priestesses that represented the earth gods.
3b. Gilgamesh was a wise man that told stories of before the flood. He was beautiful, courageous, and perfect. He was afraid of death and is searching for Utnapishtim whom found the gods and they sent him to a mystical place with everlasting life. Gilgamesh is looking for eternal life.
4a. Utnapishtim told Gilgamesh that nothing is forever, we just don’t know when. Life and death is bound to happen in a cycle that is forever.
4b. The flood lasted for six days and nights and destroyed everything. On the seventh day the rain stopped and the waters were calm. All of man was turned to clay and there was water everywhere with no sign of man. The secret was about the plant that grows under water and restores youth to man. He found the secret but planned on sharing it with his entire city. He eventually learned his human limits and that you can’t control the unknown.
