Ryan p T
International Style
International style is an architectural style that developed in Europe and the United States in the 1920s and 1930s. This style became the dominant tendency for western architecture in the later twentieth century. Common characteristics of International style buildings are rectangular forms that have been completely stripped of applied ornamentation and decoration, visually weightless qualities, open interior spaces, and an overwhelming association with geometry. Glass, steel, and reinforced concrete are the characteristic materials of construction. The International style grew from three phenomena that architects had to deal with; An incorporating mix of decorative elements from different architectual periods that had little or no relation to the building’s functions, the development and use of iron, steel, glass, and reinforced concrete, and the economical creation of large numbers of office buildings. These three phenomena basically outlined the search for an economical utilitarian architecture, an architecture that would use the new materials and still appeal to aesthetic taste. Technology was key in this transition from tradition. The availability of cheap mass-produced iron and steel ultimately rendered masonry construction obsolete. “The International Style was thus formed under the dictates that modern buildings’form and appearance should naturally grow out of and express the potentialities of their materials and structural engineering. A harmony between artistic expression, function, and technology would thus be established in an austere and disciplined new architecture.”
The Term Paper on Eighteenth Century Palladian Architecture Building
What Meanings Did Contemporaries Attach To Styles Fashionable In The Eighteenth Century The eighteenth century was a period of change as much for the architectural world as for the world of the architect. The Glorious Revolution marked the beginning of great stability, vast economic growth and population growth; factors that would lead to a massive growth in the amount of building going on in ...
The International Style grew from a small group of brilliant and original architects who went on to achieve greatness in their field. The major figures include Walter Gropius, and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe of Germany. Gropius and Mies were best known for their structures containing glass curtain walls spanning steel girders that would form the skeleton of the building.
Walter Gropius (1883-1969) was in 1919 appointed to director of the Grand Ducal Saxon School of Arts and Crafts, Academy of Arts, and School of Arts which were immediately joined as the Staatliches Bauhaus Weimar (“Public Bauhaus Weimar”).
It was at this school that Gropius taught design principles. He saw architecture as ever changing, related to the contemporary world. He spoke of an architect’s duty to encompass the whole visual environment. He also emphasized housing and city planning, the usefulness of sociology, and the necessity of using specialists.
In 1925 the Bauhaus moved to Dessau with the promise of better financial support. Gropius designed the school building there and today it is known as one of his best works. In 1928 Walter Gropius resigned as head of the Bauhaus to work privately in Berlin. And in 1933 the Nazi regime had the Bauhaus closed. In 1944 after being a professor at Harvard University in Cambridge Massachusetts, he became a naturalized United States citizen. In addition to his teaching, Gropius associated with Marcel Breuer, a former student of the Bauhaus who had later sought a teaching job. Together they worked on Walter Gropius’ home in Lincoln Massachusetts. The design of this house was controversial at first but was slowly accepted. His house was designed with painted white wood and fieldstone, which “restated New England traditionalism.” In 1942 Gropius became the vice president of General Panel Corporation, a company that made prefabricated housing. He retired at the age of 69 in 1952, and was deceased at the age of 86. At his request his funeral was not to be a mournful occasion, and it was said that 70 of his friends drank champagne for 2 days after his death.
The Essay on Pop Art Warhol Work Culture
Kings County, Calif. West Hills Community College POP ART Art Appreciation 52 CONTENTS. POP ART 4 II. ANDY WARHOL 5 III. DAVID HOCKNEY 7 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 1. Illustration 1: Roy Lichtenstein, Wham m! , Cover 2. Illustration 2: Andy Warhol, Campbell Soup Can 63. Illustration 3 David Hockney, A Bigger Splash 7 POP ART Art in which everyday objects and subjects are depicted with the flat ...
Marcel Breuer was one of the most influential architects of the International Style. He was very concerned with the uses of newly developed materials and technology to create an art expressive of an industrial age. From 1920 to 1928 he studied at the Bauhaus. There he followed the lead of Walter Gropius. In 1928 he began a private practice in Berlin, designing the Dolderthal Apartments in Zurich. In 1946 he moved to New York City and thereafter attracted numerous major commissions including the Sarah Lawrence College Theatre, Bronxville NY, St. Johns Abbey, in Collegeville Minnesota, and the International Business Machines research centre in La Guade France. He also designed the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York City. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, another of the founders of Bauhaus architecture, was born in Aachen Germany. In 1908 Mies began work with Peter Behrens as a draftsman. Behrens was a leader in the new German architecture of the twentieth century. While working for Behrens, he met Walter Gropius, who had been interested in some of Behrens work. After working for a modern art collector who had commissioned him to build her home, Mies went to war. After the war he opened an independent architecture practice that would keep him busy until 1938.
The period between the two world wars was a great time for modern art. Modern art saw great advances not only in technology but also in acceptance. In 1938 Ludwig Mies van der Rohe moved to the United States to further develop his ideas and theories. He accepted a job at the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago. During the next 20 years he honed in on his architectural skills and weeded out his flaws. He had performed many experiments and through these we begin to fully understand the capabilities of steel. The Seagram Building in New York, the true essence of a skyscraper, would not be possible without the ingenuity of Ludwig. Although the American Skyscraper owes much to Louis Sullivan, the glass curtain is associated with Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. As described by Frank Lloyd Wright, the “box” came to dominate American architecture during the second half of this century. “The Bauhaus is not a style; it is a condition of attitudes.” The Bauhaus Manifesto was to unite the teachings of fine and applied art and architecture, to educate creative peoples who were capable of creating “total works of art.” Bauhaus derived from “hausbau” meaning construction, implies reconstruction as well.“Above all the Bauhaus is identified with functionalism, which is now seen as the eradication of ornament in flavour of the austere beauty of the industrial Aesthetic.”
The Term Paper on Frank Lloyd Wright’s Organic Architecture Compared to Mies Van Der Rohe’s International Style
I have always been interested in architecture and Frank Lloyd Wright’s architecture has always fascinated me. His architecture has always seemed ahead of its time and he has stood out as one of my favorite architects. In addition I like the look of very modern architecture and during the class which covered Mies van der Rohe’s very modern and minimalistic architecture I became very interested in ...
Architecture is perhaps the best example of the partnership of fine and useful art and form and function. A building whether a temple, church, or office complex must show the careful manipulation of structural and ornamental materials, used to express culture, symbolic or artistic ideas. The history of architecture can be seen in the progressive changes in the solutions of structural problems. From the Greeks use of pillars for support and decoration (which have influenced architectural style since that time), to the medieval construction of castles (which saw the problems with masonry and brick solved).
With the advent of steel and cast-iron a new architectural age became. With lighter, larger, and taller capabilities, the way our society looked, would never be the same. As American architects learned the principles of the new architecture, the name International Style was formed as a European-American hybrid. The name came in turn from a book called International Architecture by Walter Gropius. The underlying principles of the International style, sheerness, being plain, and flatness are filled with difficulties. Maintenance and weathering make it difficult to create an ideal, yet buildings that fit this description are seen in cities throughout the United States and world. “In postmodern architecture classical orders have been reintroduced as one of a number of contrasting design methods, so that the late 20th century architecture attempted to include historical references in its design and approach and was characterized by a new aesthetic pluralism.”
The Essay on Three Architecture Styles
... Art Deco and Art Nouveau are subtle. All three architecture styles have made the bold transition to modernism in America. ... Oakland, CA (Partridge). Art Nouveau is an international style of decoration and architecture. This style spread rapidly. It grew as a reaction to ... to compare and contrast data about three different styles of architecture. The three styles are Art Deco, Art Nouveau, and Neo ...
