John Bowlby was the first psychologist who started an extended study on attachment. According to Bowlby’s Attachment Theory, attachment is a ‘lasting psychological connectedness between human beings’. What is attachment- When a person is emotionally bonded with another person then attachment starts. Attachment can be defined as a unique emotional bond held between carer and child. Bowlby believed that early experiences in childhood can have a lasting impression on your development and can affect you later in life. He believed that our attachment styles are influenced by the relationship between care giver and infant. Characteristics of attachment:
Proximity maintenance- The desire to be near people we are attached to Safe haven- Returning to the care giver for comfort and safety after child is faced with a fear or threat Secure base- The attachment figure acts as a base of security from which the child can explore the surrounding environment Separation distress- Anxiety and distress that occurs in the absence of the attachment figure Types of attachment:
1. Secure Attachment- When children are securely attached to their caregivers , they feel happy whenever their caregivers are around, but are upset when they get separated from them. However even in the absent of the parents the child still feels secure and trusts the care giver shall return at some point. 2. Ambivalent Attachment- A child who is ambivalently attached becomes very upset and distressed whenever he gets separated from their parent. The child does not feel that he can rely on his caregiver whenever he is in need of something. 3. Avoidant Attachment- a child who has an avoidant attachment tends to keep away from their parents. They are unable to use parent as a secure base. Some research suggests that this may be a cause of parents who are neglecting or abusing their children. 4. Disorganized Attachment- This is when there is no clear or even mixed attachment between the child and his caregiver. When the parent acts as an hesitant caregiver and a reassuring one at different times, the child may get confused and cause this kind of attachment, re-attachment.
The Essay on Attachment and Parenting Styles
Everyone has had some type of caregiver some point in his or her life. The only difference is the type of method used for parenting. “Parenting styles have been grouped into four different styles: indulgent, authoritarian, authoritative, and uninvolved” (Darling & Eric, 1999. para. 3). With each kind of parenting style, there are pros and cons that help or disrupt a child’s well-being. Parents ...
John Bowlby’s ethological theory recognizes the emotional bond to the caregiver as it progresses the response promotes survival. He believed that the attachment to the caregiver was an important effect for the child’s security and ability to form a trusting relationship. But he then stated that ‘feeding is not the basis for attachment’. Mothers who are responsive and attentive to their child’s needs create a sense of security in their children the child knows that the caregiver is dependable, which creates a secure base for the child to then explore the world.
Banduras Social cognitive theory:
Social cognitive theory is basically the theory that humans can learn by observing, imitating and modelling others. The Bobo Doll study
Albbert Bandura and his colleagues were able to demonstrate one of the way in which children learn aggresion through a experiment. The experiment involved exposing children to two different adult models , one being a aggressive model and one being a non aggresive model. After witnessing the adults behaviour the children would then be placed in a room without the model adult and were then observed to see if they would imitate the behaviour they had witnessed earlier. 36 boys and 36 girls aged between 3-6 years participated in this experiment, before they participated Bandura tested the childrens existing levels of aggresion.
The results for the Bobo Doll Experiment showed that children who were exposed to the aggressive model were more likely to show copied aggressive behavior themselves. Boys were nearly three times more likely to replicate physically violent behavior than girls. The results for verbally aggressive behavior again showed that children exposed to aggressive role models were more likely to imitate this behavior. Subjects in the Bobo Doll Experiment exposed to the non-aggressive model, or no model at all, showed little imitative aggressive behavior. Bandura and his collegues believed that the experiement shows how specific behaviours can easily be learned by a child through observation and imitation. Typs of learning:
The Essay on Erik Erikson Stages Of Life
Erik Erikson created the chart of psychosocial stages of development. He wanted people to understand that they are more alike than what they know because all people go through the same kinds of things at various ages. In this paper, the eight stages of psychosocial development will be described and the results of the life stages interview will be included. The first stage is trust vs mistrust. ...
Enactive learning- is by doing and experiencing the consequences of your actions. Vicarious learning- is by observing others
Social cognitive theory states that there are three charecteristics that are unique to humans which are: Voacarious conseqences (to model and imitate
others)
Self-efficacy (self reflection)
Performance standards and moral conduct (the ability to regulate ones own behaviour)
Erik Erikson
Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development is one of the best-known theories of personality in psychology. Erikson believed that personality develops in a series of stages; the theory describes the impact of social experience across the whole lifespan. One of the main points of Erikson’s psychosocial stage theory is the development of ego identity. Ego identity is basically a conscious sense of self that we develop through social interaction. According to Erikson, our ego identity is constantly changing due to new experiences and information we obtain in our daily interactions with others. So this is basically saying personality can constantly change based upon new experiences and life events. The development of identity is something that begins in childhood and becomes very important during adolescence, but it is a process that continues throughout your life span. Psychosocial Stage 1 – Trust vs. Mistrust
The first stage of Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development occurs between birth and one year of age and is the most vital stages in life. Because an infant is completely dependent on others, the development of trust is based on the quality of care of the child’s care givers. If a child successfully develops trust they will feel safe and secure in the world. Caregivers who are unreliable, emotionally unavailable, unable to take care of basic needs of their children, will mean failure to develop trust. Failure to develop trust will result in fear and a belief that the world is inconsistent and unpredictable, which leaves the child feeling anxious. Psychosocial Stage 2 – Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
The Term Paper on Psychosexual stages vs. psychosocial stages
... Erikson called this psychosocial stage the industry vs. inferiority stage. Both Freud and Erikson acknowledge the importance of development thought school. In the latency stage, the child develops ... will have sense stagnation, failure, disconnected or involved in their life. On the other hand, if they are able to contribute ...
The second stage of Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development takes place during early childhood and is focused on children developing a greater sense of personal control. For example a child choosing what to wear and what to eat. Erikson believed that achieving a balance between autonomy and shame and doubt would lead to will, which is the belief that children can act with intention, within reason and limits. Psychosocial Stage 3 – Initiative vs. Guilt
At the age of 3-6 children begin to assert their power and control over the world through directing play and other social interactions. Children who complete this stage feel capable and it boosts their self-esteem. Psychosocial Stage 4 – Industry vs. Inferiority
Age 6 through to puberty- Children begin to develop a feeling of pride in their accomplishments and abilities. Children who receive feedback from when they have done well often have boosted esteem. However if the child don’t receive praise or encouragement from others they may doubt there talents and not reach their potential.
Psychosocial Stage 5 – Identity vs. Confusion
During adolescence, children explore their independence and develop a sense of self. Psychosocial Stage 6 – Intimacy vs. Isolation
This stage covers the period of early adulthood when people are exploring personal relationships. Psychosocial Stage 7 – Generativity vs. Stagnation
During adulthood, we continue to build our lives, focusing on our career and family. Those who are successful during this stage will feel that they are contributing to their home and community. Psychosocial Stage 8 – Integrity vs. Despair
The Essay on My Stages Of Psychosocial Development
... of my life, from about 18 months to 3 years of age, I was able to resolve the second of Eriksons psychosocial stages adequately. ... raised in terms of different parenting styles and methods of child raising affect an individuals abilities to form relationships. For example ... committed and able to be trusted. Secure people tend to feel that others are trustworthy and dependable. How a person was ...
This phase occurs during old age and is focused on reflecting back on life. Those who look back on their lives in a negative light during this stage will feel that their life has been wasted and will experience many regrets. The individual will be left with feelings of regret and despair.
