Johannes Kepler was born at 2:30 PM on December 27, 1571, in Weil der Stadt, Wrttemburg, in the Holy Roman Empire. His family was Lutheran and he adhered to the Augsburg Confession. This adherence later caused him hardships. He was a sickly child and his parents were poor. But his evident intelligence earned him a scholarship to the University of Tbingen. There he was introduced to and delighted in the ideas of Copernicus.
In 1596, while a mathematics teacher in Graz, he wrote the first outspoken defense of the Copernican system, the Mysterium Cosmographicum. Kepler was forced to leave his teaching post at Graz due to the counter Reformation because he was Lutheran and moved to Prague to work with the renowned Danish astronomer, Tycho Brahe. He inherited Tycho’s post as Imperial Mathematician when Tycho died in 1601. Using the precise data that Tycho had collected, Kepler discovered that the orbit of Mars was an ellipse. In 1609 he published Astronomia Nova, delineating his discoveries, which are now called Kepler’s first two laws of planetary motion. This work established Kepler as the “father of modern science”, documenting how for the first time a scientist dealt with a multitude of imperfect data to arrive at a fundamental law of nature. In 1612 Lutherans were forced out of Prague, so Kepler moved on to Linz.
His wife and two sons had recently died. He remarried happily, but had many personal and financial troubles. Two infant daughters died and Kepler had to return to Wrttemburg where he successfully defended his mother against charges of witchcraft. In 1619 he published Harmonices Mundi, in which he describes his “third law.” In spite of more forced relocations, Kepler published the seven-volume Epitome Astronomiae in 1621. This was his most influential work and discussed all of heliocentric astronomy in a systematic way. He then went on to complete the Rudolphine Tables that Tycho had started long ago.
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These included calculations using logarithms, which he developed, and provided perpetual tables for calculating planetary positions for any past or future date. Kepler used the tables to predict a pair of transits by Mercury and Venus of the Sun, although he did not live to witness the events. Johannes Kepler died in Regensburg in 1630, while on a journey from his home in Sagan to collect a debt. His grave was demolished within two years because of the Thirty Years War. Frail of body, but robust in mind and spirit, Kepler was scrupulously honest to the data. First to correctly explain planetary motion, thereby, becoming founder of celestial mechanics and the first “natural laws” in the modern sense; being universal, verifiable, precise.
In his book Astronomia Pars Optica, for which he earned the title of founder of modern optics he was the: First to investigate the formation of pictures with a pin hole camera; First to explain the process of vision by refraction within the eye; First to formulate eyeglass designing for nearsightedness and farsightedness; First to explain the use of both eyes for depth perception. In his book Dioptrice (a term coined by Kepler and still used today) he was the: First to describe: real, virtual, upright and inverted images and magnification; First to explain the principles of how a telescope works; First to discover and describe the properties of total internal reflection. His book Stereometrica Doliorum formed the basis of integral calculus. First to explain that the tides are caused by the Moon (Galileo derided him for this).
First to use stellar parallax caused by the Earth’s orbit to try to measure the distance to the stars; the same principle as depth perception. Today this branch of research is called astrometry.
First to suggest that the Sun rotates about its axis in Astronomia Nova First to derive the birth year of Christ, that is now universally accepted. Kepler was assigned the task by Tycho Brahe to analyze the observations that Tycho had made of Mars. Of all the planets, the predicted position of Mars had the largest errors and therefore posed the greatest problem. Tycho’s data were the best available before the invention of the telescope and the accuracy was good enough for Kepler to show that Mars’ orbit would precisely fit an ellipse. In 1605 he announced The First Law: Planets move in ellipses with the Sun at one focus. The figure below illustrates two orbits with the same semi-major axis and focus: one a circle with an eccentricity of 0.0; the other an ellipse with an eccentricity of 0.8. People and Events Contemporary to Kepler (1571-1630) De Revolutionibus by Copernicus 1543 Tycho Brahe ………………..1546——1601 Galileo Galilei ……………..1564———1642 William Shakespeare ………….1564——1616 Johannes Kepler …………….1571——1630 Defeat of Spanish Armada ………….1588 Discovery of Australia by William Janszoon.1606 Jamestown established …………………1607 Telescope invented by Johann Lippershey …1608 King James Version of The Holy Bible ……1611 Thirty Years War ………………………1618–1648 Pilgrims landed at Plymouth …………….1620 Dutch bought Manhattan for $24.00 ………..1626 Taj Mahal built…………………………..1632-45
The Essay on Thirty Years From Now
As I sit here, I wonder what I will become; all I see is pure success like no one has ever seen. My life is full of great and achievable goals that can fulfil my life with happiness. I see myself see myself thirty years from now becoming the most successful person the world has seen. I will have graduated high school and college with 4.0 GPA, majoring in aeronautical engineering while being in the ...
Bibliography:
The most authoritative biography on Johannes Kepler is a recent translation done by C. Doris Hellman with an introduction, bibliography and list of textual citations by Owen Gingerich. The title is “Kepler” by Max Caspar, Dover Publications, New York, 1993, ISBN 0-486-67605-6 $10.95.
Another excellent biography is contained in “The Sleepwalkers” by Arthur Koestler, Penguin Books, 1959, ISBN 0-14-019246-8 $12.00. The subtitle is “A History of Man’s Changing Vision of the Universe”. It also includes material on Copernicus, Tycho and Galileo. For high school level reading, there is a biography which reads more like a story Johannes Kepler, John Tiner, Mott Media, 1977, ISBN 0- 915134-11-X (paper bound) ISBN 0-915134-96-9 (hardbound).
The Term Paper on Biography of Ronald Reagan
One of the most influential and perhaps well loved of Republicans, Ronald Wilson Reagan was the Fortieth President of the United States of America from 1981 to 1989. His illustrious career covered not only the spotlight of the international political scene but also that of the silver screen during his early years (Cannon 201). Remembered, among many things, for his Reaganomics, President Ronald ...
