Who exactly are Dick and Jane Does Spot really exist Dick, Jane, and Spot are all characters that are used to teach Elementary School Children reading and spelling skills. Spelling is a difficult concept to master, especially when learning the spelling of American Standard English. “George Bernard Shaw said that the word fish might as well be spelled g hoti-using gh as in rough, o is in women and ti as in vacation” (Glazer 99).
Sometimes the spelling of certain words can seem illogical and may have no other similar spelling in the language. When a young child looks at these words, the student cannot use logic to spell certain words. Learning Disabled children have a hard time conquering spelling and it may be the hardest task for elementary school children with learning disabilities to conquer.
The question has been proposed of whether or not children with learning disabilities need to be taught spelling differently in comparison to children without learning disabilities. Children with learning disabilities learn at a slower pace and do need to be taught spelling differently than students without learning disabilities. According to the learning disability information web site,” A learning disability is a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding and using language spoken or written which may manifest itself in an imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, spell, or do mathematical calculations.” Basically, there are two parts to a learning disability: one is processing and the second is discrepancy. Learning disabled students have a hard time understanding and comprehending information. Learning disabled students know where they are going, but have a hard time getting there because of the obstacles the face getting there. It is like the information gets lost on the way to the brain.
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CONTENT Introduction... 3 Main body 1. Language acquisition... 42.The stages of language acquisition... 52. 1. The pre linguistic stage... 72. 2.Babbling... 72. 3. One-word utterances... 92. 4.Two-word utterances... 102. 5. Telegraphic speech... 132. 6.Language learning during the pre-school period... 163. The critical period... 174. The summary of behaviour's to expect of children with normally ...
Discrepancy means the connection between the learning disabled students achievement and ability. One example the web site gives is, ” It’s kind of like a baseball player who has the ability to hit home runs but is given a broken bat to use. He doesn’t have the chance to prove how great he really is.” Learning disabled students are not all the same, but they all 2 have similar processing difficulties and learning difficulties. Students with learning disabilities require more patience and one on one attention from teachers, making it difficult for them to be in a class with children who do not have learning disabilities. These children are usually put in special education classes where the class sizes are smaller and the teachers are trained to teach these children.
There are three methods that must be used to teach spelling correctly and effectively. The first is that “spelling instruction should not be restricted to a study of relationships between letters and sounds but should also entail a comprehensive study of the structural and semantic relationships of words” (Hodges 419).
Teachers must incorporate spelling with reading and writing. A child will not be able to further his spelling skills unless he is continuously practicing and using his spelling knowledge. Also, if a child is constantly reading and writing this will help the child learn certain spelling rules that he can only learn through practice. The second “is that spelling instruction and vocabulary instruction are two faces of the same coin, particularly for older students.
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Background Over the years as technology keeps improving, more and more people are using it in their daily lives. Over these past few decades, there has been a significant advancement in the field of technology. What is more obvious in the public eyes nowadays is the advancement of communication devices. Communication devices are equipment or hardware designed to move or convey information or data ...
Not only does a study of English spelling contribute to spelling ability, but the stability of English orthography makes it possible to explore other aspects of the language” (Hodges 419).
It does not benefit a student if he knows how to spell a word, but does not understand how to use the word in his conversations or writings. Spelling and the meanings of words must be taught together in order for the student to apply his knowledge of the English language to his life. The third “is that individuals make few, if any, random spelling errors.
Each incorrect spelling has a cause, whether from carelessness or from insufficient or erroneous knowledge about the written language” (Hodges 420).
There are not many random spelling errors. If a student makes an error it is usually based on what he has learned before and bases the spelling of an unknown word on his previous knowledge. Susan Glazer writes, ” New young writers spell fish as fs, fes, fes he, and sometimes fx… confirming the fact that matching 3 letters with sounds can have more than one result.” (100) If teachers make students apply their spelling knowledge to reading and writing, teach definitions along with spelling, and correct their students spelling mistakes then the students will all be successful spellers. Two studies were performed in which the results proved that children with learning disabilities need different instruction in comparison to children without learning disabilities.
The first study researched the use of spelling strategies by elementary students with learning disabilities. Four elementary school students with learning disabilities were used in this study and were interviewed in a group and individually. A spelling test and a writing activity were used to determine what type of spelling strategies were used by these students. “While one of the students discussed using a rule based strategy, almost all of the other comments students made regarding how they attempted to spell words and how they tried to correct misspelled words showed that they used inappropriate strategies almost exclusively” (Darch, Soo bang, Johnson, James 19).
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In Inclusive learning we need to make sure students have full access to either an education or training whilst being treated equally and fairly, regardless of their needs, abilities or disabilities and most importantly without prejudice. In simple term’s it is about including and not excluding learners. This statement is backed up in both Ann Gravells book when she says. ‘Some learners could feel ...
This study shows that teachers must place importance on teaching these students specific strategies for all types of word types and must show these students how to apply the spelling strategies they learn. The second experiment was the study of different teaching approaches and which one worked better in teaching learning disabled students spelling. The two programs uses were the Spelling Mastery Program and the Laidlaw Spelling Program. The Spelling Mastery program “teaches students to use spelling rules in a direct, uncompromising way, and the Laidlaw Spelling Program is a traditional that utilized writing activities based on word families, practice in spelling words, and motivational activities” (Darch, Kim, Johnson, James 20).
30 students were used in this study and were separated into two groups, one for the Spelling Master Program and one for the Laidlaw Spelling Program. Each group met 12 times for instruction and then took a post test after they met for the last time.
4 “The results demonstrate the superiority of rule-based spelling instructional program (Spelling Mastery Program) when compared to the effectiveness of a instructional program that relies on the use of motivational spelling activities and intensive practice writing words and sentences without systematic introduction of spelling rules with carefully sequenced practice. The students taught with the rule based program became more proficient spelling words” (Darch, Kim, Johnson, James 21).
As these results show, students with learning disabilities are not able to use the appropriate rules based spelling strategies. This study also shows that students with learning disabilities learn better when teachers use rule-based strategies that are intensive and skill-directed, and that provide practice and certain correction procedures.
Westminster College proposes the following teaching strategies for children with spelling disabilities, “individualized spelling instruction, self-correction, dialogue journal, word prediction, speech synthesis, and games.” An example of individualizes spelling instruction would be the teacher making an individual spelling list according to each students weaknesses and strengths. Self-correction would be letting a student correct their own tests and learn by their own corrections. A dialogue journal is when “Each student has their own journal in which they can have continuous dialogue with their teacher. The teacher can model appropriate grammar and language usage without correcting what the student writes” (Westminster College).
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Throughout the span of the past few weeks I have traversed the globe, visiting several countries and regions, only to realize that although new methods develop, language as a way of expressing ones self has remained the most effective. Despite this fact, language still has its pitfalls. Neil Postman, in his essay 'Defending Against the Indefensible,' ; outlines seven concepts that can be used to ...
Word prediction is when the student is given the first few letters of the word and must spell the rest of the word out, this helps the student put the spelling rules he has learned into action. 5 When Hodge’s teaching methods and the teaching methods of this study are compared the two slightly differ.
Hodges does not mention teaching rules and does not incorporate a rule based method in his teaching strategy. Hodges puts more emphasis on making sure that the student understands the meaning and relationship of words and not the basic rules of spelling. A rule based strategy must be taught to learning disabled students in order for them to learn spelling. Hodges believes that spelling can be taught through spelling activities such as Dick and Jane books, knowing the definition of the spelling words, using the words in sentences, and using the dictionary.
This method has been proven ineffective in teaching learning disabled elementary students. Learning disabled students learned better when they were taught spelling rules in which they used morpheme and phoneme strategies to spell the words. Learning disabled children are not stupid, their brain just chooses to learn a different way in comparison to children without learning disabilities. Why do we want to see Dick and Jane run Smriti Desai 12/4/00 Linguistics.
