HOW WAS THE GREAT LIBRARY OF ALEXANDRIA ORGANIZED AND OPERATED? WHO OR WHAT CAUSED ITS DESTRUCTION? For the extra credit assignment I have decided to compose as essay describing the great library of Alexandria. The library itself is wrapped up in a great mystery that has had many historians and archeologists heavily interested in its existence for many years. It has been recorded that the library of Alexandria held many thousands, if not millions, of books, volumes and other documents. The library is also believed to be one of the biggest libraries in human history. Its significance is of invaluable knowledge. The mammoth size of such a huge monument for the period of time that is existed is phenomenal.
Even though it was significant in it’s time, the destruction of such a beautiful collection of thoughts, novels and other writings is somewhat of a tragic occurrence that has baffled many for years. Alexandria was founded in Egypt by Alexandria the Great. His successor as Pharaoh was known as Ptolemy II So ter. He founded the Museum or Royal Library of Alexandria in 283 BC.
The Museum was a shrine of the Muses modeled after the Lyceum of Aristotle in Athens. The Museum was a place of study which included lecture areas, gardens, a zoo, and shrines for each of the nine muses as well as the Library itself. It has been estimated that at one time the Library of Alexandria held over half a million documents from Assyria, Greece, Persia, Egypt, India and many other nations. Over 100 scholars and scribes lived at the Museum full time to perform research, write, lecture or translate and copy documents (Hertzka 2004).
The Essay on Nostradamus Great One Time
Nostradamus Michel De Nostradame, otherwise known as Nostradamus was born December 14, 1503. His family was of Jewish ancestry. His grandfather, Pierre de Nostradame, had settled in Provence because by the mid-1400 s, many Jews had come to live there. Nostradamus' father was Jacques de Nostradame. Jacques worked as, since most people didn't know how to write he wrote things for them, from love ...
The library got so large it actually had another branch or ‘daughter’ library at the Temple of Serapis.
There are many stories and rumors surrounding the real destruction of such a great library. It is still unknown exactly who are what destroyed the entire library but many stories and personal accounts that were put onto historical text much later on reveal clues to its possible “real” destruction. The first person blamed for the destruction of the Library is none other than Julius Caesar himself. In 48 BC, Caesar was pursuing Pompey into Egypt when he was suddenly cut off by an Egyptian fleet at Alexandria. Greatly outnumbered and in enemy territory, Caesar ordered the ships in the harbor to be set on fire. Supposedly the fire spread and destroyed the entire Egyptian fleet.
Unfortunately, it also burned down part of the city. The area that also took damage was, where the great library stood. Caesar wrote of starting the fire in the harbor but neglected to mention the burning of the Library. Such an omission “proves little since he was not in the habit of including unflattering facts while writing his own history (Trumble and Marshall 2003, 56) .” But Caesar was not without public cynics.
If he was solely to blame for the disappearance of the Library it is very likely significant documentation on the affair would exist today. The second story that has been hypothesized of the Library’s destruction is more popular, thanks primarily to Edward Gibbon’s ‘The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.” But the story is also a little more complex. “Theophilus was Patriarch of Alexandria from 385 to 412 AD. During his reign the Temple of Serapis was converted into a Christian Church (probably around 391 AD) and it is likely that many documents were destroyed then (Bless 2004).” The Temple of Serapis was estimated to hold about ten percent of the overall Library of Alexandria’s holdings. After his death, his nephew Cyril became Patriarch. Shortly after that, riots broke out when Hierax, a Christian monk, was publicly killed by order of Orestes the city Prefect.
The Essay on Alexandria Library
Library of Alexandria, the most famous library of classical antiquity. It formed part of the research institute at Alexandria in Egypt that is known as the Museum, or the Alexandrian Museum. The Alexandrian library and museum were founded and maintained by the long succession of Ptolemies in Egypt from the beginning of the 3rd century bc. The library’s initial organization was the work of ...
Orestes was said to be under the influence of Hypatia, a female philosopher and daughter of the ‘last member of the Library of Alexandria’. Although it should be noted on the same count, that Hypatia herself was the last Head Librarian. Alexandria had long been known for its violent and volatile politics. Christians, Jews and Pagans all lived together in the city. One ancient writer claimed that “there were no people who loved a fight more than those of Alexandria (Hann am 2003).
Immediately after the death of Hierax a group of Jews who had helped instigate his killing lured more Christians into the street at night by proclaiming that the Church was on fire.
When the Christians rushed out, the largely Jewish mob killed many of them. After there was mass havoc as Christians retaliated against both the Jews and the Pagans. One of which was Hypatia. “The story varies slightly depending upon who tells it but she was taken by the Christians, dragged through the streets and murdered (Trumble and Marshall 2003, 23).” Some regard the death of Hypatia as the final destruction of the Library. Others blame Theophilus for destroying the last of the scrolls when he razed the Temple of Serapis prior to making it a Christian church. Still others have confused both incidents and blamed Theophilus for simultaneously murdering Hypatia and destroying the Library though it is obvious Theophilus died sometime prior to Hypatia.
The final individual to get blamed for the destruction is the Moslem Caliph Omar. In 640 AD the Moslems took the city of Alexandria. Upon learning of ‘a great library containing all the knowledge of the world’ the conquering general supposedly asked Caliph Omar for instructions. The Caliph has been quoted as saying of the Library’s holdings, ‘they will either contradict the Koran, in which case they are heresy, or they will agree with it, so they are superfluous (Flower 2001, 113).” So, allegedly, all the texts were destroyed by using them as tinder for the bathhouses of the city.
Even then it was said to have taken six months to burn all the documents. But these details, from the Caliph’s quote to the incredulous six months it supposedly took to burn all the books, weren’t written down until 300 years after the fact. These facts accusing Omar were written by Bishop Gregory Bar Hebraeus, a Christian who spent a great deal of time writing about Moslem violence without much historical documentation. So who did burn the Library of Alexandria? Unfortunately most of the writers from Plutarch (who apparently blamed Caesar) to Edward Gibbons (a held back atheist or deist who liked very much to blame Christians and blamed Theophilus) to Bishop Gregory (who was particularly anti-Moslem, blamed Omar) all had an axe to grind and consequently must be seen as biased. Probably everyone mentioned above had some hand in destroying some part of the Library’s holdings.
The Research paper on Library System 6
The Problem and Its Background INTRODUCTION Throughout the year of existence, the item has come for its enhancement because computer technology arises for better improvement especially in information technology, which focuses mainly on business sectors. The library is a place where books, journals, microfilms, multimedia, audio & visual materials and computer data & terminals are kept and ...
The collection may have ebbed and flowed as some documents were destroyed and others were added. For instance, Mark Antony was supposed to have “given Cleopatra over 200, 000 scrolls for the Library long after Julius Caesar is accused of burning it (Luciano 2005).” It is also quite likely that even if the Museum was destroyed with the main library the outlying daughter library at the Temple of Serapis continued on. Many writers seem to equate the Library of Alexandria with the Library of Serapis although technically they were in two different parts of the city. The real tragedy of course is not the uncertainty of knowing who to blame for the Library’s destruction but that so much of ancient history, literature and learning was lost forever. Its importance and significance will never be resurrected, but will forever lay in a mystery.
Only dreams and images can be pondered about what actually existed in such a great library. Scholars, historians and educated individuals can only daydream about what might have been.
