Magnetic Disks (Hard Disk) The topic of magnetic disks is one that involves many physics related phenomenon. The intricate structure and design of “Magnetic Disks” (or hard disks) in computers include the principles of Fluid Flow, Rotational Motion, Electromagnetism, and more. This paper will focus mainly on the previously listed physics occurrences, and the design that goes into engineering the magnetic disk to include them. These physics principles are utilized in such a way that makes the hard disk a very common and useful tool, in this day and age. To most people, the magnetic disk is the most important, yet most mysterious, part of a computer system. A hard disk is a seal unit that holds computer data in the form of magnetic patterns.
Before understanding the physics principles, one must understand the physical design that induces them. A magnetic disk is a flat, circular, rigid sheet of aluminum coated with a layer of magnetic material (can be double sided).
The material usually is a form of iron oxide with various other elements added. The disk rotates upon a central axis and a movable read / write head writes information along concentric tracks (circular paths traced out by motion of the disk) on it. Multiple disks can be stacked to store more information. Typically (1985) 11 disks with 22 surfaces, of which 20 are used (minus top / bottom), are manipulated to read / write data.
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A Good Man Is Hard to Find The story of ?A Good Man Is Hard to Find? by Flannery O?Connor has been debated and analyzed so much because it can be interpreted one thousand different ways. O?Connor?s characters are usually searching for an elusive salvation, and her stories illustrate her views on the human condition. Many spiritual themes weave their way through her work, but never seem to achieve ...
The “head”, or device used to transmit data onto the magnetic disks, is an important part of the hard disk and composes most of the physics happenings. Current is passed through the head or in the physic’s case, the conductor, to produce a magnetic field around the conductor. This magnetic field then can influence the disk’s magnetic material. The head is driven by an electric motor, using electromagnetism, to exert pushing and pulling forces on magnets to the rotating shaft.
In some cases the head moves to a required area on the disk, and the motion of the magnetized surface induces tiny voltage. This voltage is concentrated in the coil of the read head, and can be interpreted as the data stored on the magnetic disk. When the direction of the flow of electric current is reversed, the magnetic field’s polarity is reversed. The head is mounted in a “slipper” (or holder) positioned above the disk at 0. 5-2. 5 microns from the surface.
When the disk is revolving around its axis, an air current creates a velocity gradient with the surface and air. This creates enough lift to oppose the spring pressing the head towards the disk. If there were contact with the disk, it would wear out quickly considering the disk rotates at 100 km / hr. This is enough space for the magnetic field to affect the disk and read / write data. The fluid flow of the air forms a pattern typical of laminar flow, in which adjacent layers of fluid slide smoothly past each other and the flow is steady. The air under the head (shaped like an aero foil) increases in pressure in this region.
An upward force is created on the underside that is greater than the downward force on the top of the head. There is a net upward force, or lift. The greatest contribution to this lift is the reduced pressure on the upper head surface. In order to create the appropriate voltage from the magnetized surface, we must achieve a certain rotational kinetic energy (K).
By taking the calculated moment of inertia (I), of I = 1/2 MR 2 (M = mass in kg, R = radius (minus area covered by axis) in meters) and applying it to the equation, “K = 1/2 WI 2” (W = angular speed in rad / sec) we can determine its kinetic energy. Vise versa, we can use the desired kinetic energy to ascertain how fast we need the angular speed to be.
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INTRODUCTION Magnetic flux most often denoted as Φm, is a measure of the amount of magnetic field passing through a given surface. The magnetic flux through a given surface is proportional to the number of magnetic field lines that pass through the surface. This is the net number, i.e. the number passing through in one direction, minus the number passing through in the other direction. For a ...
A typical disk rotates at 2400 rpm, or using the conversion as follows: w = 2400 rpm = (2400 rev / min) (2 d rad / 1 rev) (1 min / 60 s), or at 251 rad / s. Nearly all hard disks in personal computer systems operate on magnetic principles. Purely optical drives often are used as a secondary form of storage, but the computer to which they are connected is likely to use a magnetic storage medium for primary disk storage. Due to the high performance and density capabilities of magnetic storage, optical hard disks and media probably never will totally replace magnetic storage in PC systems.
When a magnetic field is generated in the head, the field jumps the gaps of the read / write head. The field bends it as the path of least resistance to the other side of the gap, because magnetic field passes through a conductor much more easily than through air. As the field passes through the media directly under the gap, it polarizes the magnetic particles through which it passes so that they are aligned with the field. The electric force on a charged body is exerted by the electric field created by other charged bodies. The field’s polarity and, therefore, the polarity of the magnetic media are based on the direction of the flow of electric current through the coils. The polarities of the magnetic fields of the individual magnetic particles on an erased disk normally are in a state of random disarray.
Because the fields of the individual particles point in random directions, each tiny magnetic field is canceled by one that points in the opposite direction, for a total effect of no observable or cumulative field polarity. The two electric forces of the point charges in Coulomb’s law would cancel each other and produce an electric force (F) of zero. Once the electric force is zero, this would cause the entire electric field (E) to be zero (or the principle of superposition of electric fields).
(i. e 1+E 2+E 3+… = 0 @ F 0 = 0) The magnetic field’s specific direction is described as Flux.
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Motherboards The motherboard is heart of the computer, with all of it's connections leading out from itself and into every device in the machine. A variety of books that where looked at for reference have all agreed on one fact about the motherboard, and that is the fact that it is the main printed circuit board inside the machine in question, when you open a PC that much is obvious as the ...
While reading the disk, the head becomes a flux transition detector, emitting voltage pulses whenever it crosses a transition. Areas of no transition generate no pulse. {INCLUDE DIAGRAM} In conclusion, the magnetic disk, or hard disk, has many interesting and concrete physics principles. The previous paragraphs have cited explicit examples mainly of Rotational Kinetic Energy, Inertia, Magnetic Fields, Laminar Flow, Coulomb’s Law, Principle of Superposition of Electric Fields, and Flux. Using physics in computers and computer science is an important procedure, which will help engineers improve on future computer components.
Again, the topic of magnetic disks is one that involves many physics related phenomenon. Bibliography Clements, Alan. The Principles of Computer Hardware. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985. Freedman, & Young.
University Physics. Canada: Addison Wesley Longman n, Inc. 10 th ed. 2000. Muller, Scott. Upgrading and Repairing PCs.
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John. Computer organization and design: the hardware / software interface /. San Mateo, Calif. : Morgan Kaufmann, c 1994.
Patterson, A. David; Hennessy, L. John. Computer organization and design: the hardware / software interface /.
San Mateo, Calif. : Morgan Kaufmann, 2 nd ed. c 1994. Stallings, William. Computer organization and architecture: principles of structure and function. New York: Macmillan; London: Collier Macmillan, c 1990..
