International management refers to the pursuit of organizational objectives in more than one nation. International management has evolved as a discipline of increasing importance in recent years. The underlying reason is that the corporate community is becoming more and more diverse. Improvements in and communications and lower production costs in many countries around the world have made global markets more accessible.
Although United States-based firms have immediate access to huge domestic markets, they have steadily increased the proportion of their foreign markets. It has been estimated that about 10 percent of all jobs in North America are dependent upon export and import trade. Other indicators, including foreign investments, profits earned overseas, and fees and royalties paid to firms abroad, point to an increase in corporate. Next we will look at some of the challenges facing managers who work in an international environment.
CHALLENGES AND PROBLEMS FACING THE international manager host of interacting and overlapping forces create problems for the manager in an international setting that are infrequently faced by the manager who works for a company doing business in only one country. The term infrequently is chosen because some countries are so large geographically that they contain radically different subcultures within their own boundaries. We will summarize 11 factors that the international manager may have to make adjustments for in order to achieve organizational objectives: 1. Conflict of cultural attitudes. The most pervasive root problem in business in another country is that an assortment of cultural values may be in conflict with company values. Culture in the sense used here refers to the customs, beliefs, values, and patterns of behavior of a given society.
The Term Paper on Cross Cultural Awareness For International Managers part 1
Cross Cultural Awareness for International Managers The foreigner interested in designing, implementing and evaluating effective management development programmes must read widely in order to gain an appreciation of this diverse and complex continent, its peoples and social organizations, and the context within which organization and management takes place. (Kiggundu cited in Miner 112) The ...
An important example of conflicting cultural values relates to the need for achievement. In a society where most people have a low need for achievement, the profit motive may not be very strong and most employees may not have a strong sense of time urgency. 2. Unfavorable political climate. An unfavorable or even hostile political can make it particularly difficult to conduct business in some foreign countries. In extreme cases, widespread rioting, kidnapping, and hostage taking may make it imperative for people of certain nationalities to leave a country.
Political attitudes may also interfere with equitable human resource practices in the home country. North American companies with facilities in South Africa face a continuing challenge of this nature. The South African government officially sanctions the practice of apartheid, a separation of white and black people that perpetuates the repression of the black majority by the white minority. In the workplace this means that South African blacks can only occupy lower level positions and are paid much less than whites in those same positions. 3. Fluctuations in the national economy.
Most national economies follow a general worldwide trend, but there are significant variations from time to time. Inflation and currency devaluation may have a severely negative impact on costs and profits. Also, if the currency of a country suddenly gains in value it may become difficult to export products made in that country. 4. Government/ inefficiency. Governments in some underdeveloped countries are inefficient, making business transactions difficult for managers who must deal with them.
The Essay on Unilateral Economic Sanctions Country Political Government
Introduction From 1993 to 1996, sixty-one U. S. laws and executive actions were enacted authorizing unilateral economic sanctions for foreign-policy purposes. These sanctions were imposed on thirty-five countries. In 1997, seventy-five countries were affected by U. S. imposed sanctions affecting not only the targeted country but U. S. commerce and consumers. Unilateral sanctions can be defined as ...
Some government officials demand payments (or bribes) before they will lower bureaucratic restrictions. 5. Governmental instability. In truly democratic societies the transition of power from one political party to another take.
