Compare and contrast the roles and importance of Mary and Aisha in their respective traditions
Both Mary and Aisha are seen to adopt the role of ‘mother’ within their traditions. Mary was to become ‘mother of believers’ in John’s account of Jesus’ death on the cross when she was made mother of his favourite disciple, and in turn, mother of all the church. Aisha also is known as ‘mother of the faithful’ as having no children of her own she became the universal mother of all Muslims. Extreme reverence is thus afforded to both of them, and they indicate the need for a female figure within Islam and Christianity.
They are also similar in their roles as learners and teachers. Aisha studied and was taught by Muhummad, going on to teach and become a theologian herself. In doing this, she contributed over 2000 sayings to the Hadith (a 1/6 of it) and thus was involved in the development of the tradition. Mary also learnt from Jesus, and when on to become a disciple of his, as seen in scripture at Pentecost, when the Holy Spirit came to her and the 12 in the upper room, and she handed on the faith and taught the good news to others, however she did not contribute to laws and written scripture as Aisha did.
They are also similar in their ability to change society. Aisha’s role as a ‘catalyst for change’ can be seen in her influence over the law stating that for women to be convicted of a crime there must be 4 witnesses to condemn her. As such, she improved the rights of women, the oppressed members of society. Mary is also seen to be a liberator, and an advocate for the rights of the oppressed and for social justice. In turning social structure on it’s head to support the lowly, and in her many apparitions such as that in Lourdes and Fatima, and in the title ‘Help of Christians’ she is seen to be legitimising the rights of the oppressed, and mediates on behalf of the needs of the community. The Magnificat (lk 1:46-55 the song of Mary) associates Mary with the lowly, aligning her with the type of Kingdom God wishes to establish, turning social structure on it’s head ‘he has pulled the princes down from their thrones and raised the lowly. He has filled the starving with good things and sent the rich away empty.’ Thus she is very similar to Aisha in this respect.
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Another role in which the two show great similarities is that of role model to believers. Mary is seen as a role model for women, and all people in general for her obedience to God and extreme faithfulness. She is also held up as the ideal for she was ‘free from sin,’ yet this is not accepted within all of Christianity, for example Protestants and Feminists see this as making her an unrealistic role model. Aisha is also seen as a role model, and in particular, one for women in Purdah, as she depicts how they can be active, intelligent and equal participants in Islam, and also to children, in that she was an avid listener and reader in her studies.
There are, however, differences in their roles. Mary’s primary role as ‘mother of God’ makes her essential to salvation, as by implication she became the means through which salvation could take place, and this can be seen in titles such as Blessed Virgin and Queen of Heaven and is also confirmed in the creed ‘by the power of the Holy Spirit, he became incarnate of the Virgin Mary, and was made man’. Whilst not playing such a role within Islam, Aisha took on great importance within the political arena instead. Her ventures into politics, giving speeches at the mosque at Mecca, playing a central role in the opposition to Ali’s caliphate also her foray in the military field, leading the men into the Battle of Camel show her to be a great political activist, and an active member of Islam in all respects. Whilst Mary adopted less of an aggressive and forthright role in this sense, she too was active, as seen in the Wedding Feast at Cana in john’s gospel ( jesus’ mother said to him, ‘they have run out of wine.’) where she requested Jesus turn the water into wine. Mary also adopts the role of intercessor in some denominations, and this is directly referred to in the Hail Mary ‘ Hail Mary, Mother of God, pray for us, sinners’ and is solidified in ritual.
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The importance of these two women on their tradition is great, and yet varies slightly between them. Aisha is highly significant in a way that Mary is not, and this is in her contribution to the Hadith. In writing 1/6 of the sayings, Aisha not only shaped attitudes and approaches to Islam in the founding period, she is also extremely significant today as an authority on Islamic law for contemporary society, as her contributions in the Hadith are still in use. ‘Aisha in particular was an important traditionist.. soon after Muhummads death the community began to consult her on Muhummad’s practice and her accounts served to settle points of conduct and occasionally points of law (Ahmed)Through her teaching, political actions, and challenges to the social structure, Aisha helped to form the history of Islam and it’s understanding of the law, and she also is partly responsible for the form Islam takes today because of her active involvement in the Sunni/Shi’ite split. Through her interactions with the prophet and her active participation in Islam, Aisha challenges and contradicts the restrictions placed on women today, and provides present day feminist theologians with the evidence to support their arguments.
Mary is just as important and significant, but in different ways. Whilst all denominations recognise her as the mother of Christ, her importance and role in the varying denominations differs greatly, unlike that of Aisha. Great emphasis is put on her within the Roman Catholic tradition, and this can be seen in the many Churches named after her, such as Notre Dame and St Mary’s Cathedral, the orders in her honour, namely the Marist brothers, and many prayers dedicated to her, such as the Hail Mary and the Rosary, and her many feats days, hymns and associated doctrines, and her primary importance in many stained glass works, statues and the iconography of the Mediterranean Catholicism. Her importance also varies in different regions and cultures, eg Marionite mov’t of Lebanon and the strong devotion to Mary in the Mediterranean and other areas. The Pope recently added a further 5 mysteries to the Rosary, reaffirming Mary’s importance. Her importance in the Protestant churches is not as great, as they reject excessive devotion to Mary for they feel it detracts from the glory of God, and they do not recognise her role as intercessor. The feminist movement had placed little significance on Mary for they believed her to be an unattainable role model, for she was a virgin mother without sin, who did not have to experience death, and thus was detracted from human experience. However there has been a recent return to and reclaiming of Mary within feminist theology, and this therefore increases her significance in this area. Due to a lack of reference to Mary in the scriptures, she lends herself to changing symbolic images overtime, and to being extrapolated into the needs of the current society.
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