The hierarchy of needs and the hygiene theory are alike but are also different. I shall go through each one of these theories and inform the reader of these differences and similarities. Each one in its own right is correct but now that we near the millenium, we should rethink or atleast re-read these theories and see if they are, in fact, still alive today. Abraham Maslow is known for establishing the theory of a hierarchy of needs, writing that human beings are motivated by unsatisfied needs, and that certain lower needs need to be satisfied before higher needs can be satisfied. Maslow studied exemplary people such as Albert Einstein, Jane Addams, Eleanor Roosevelt, and Frederick Douglas rather than mentally ill or neurotic people. This was a radical departure from two of the chief schools of psychology of his day: Freud and B.F. Skinner. Freud saw little difference between the motivations of humans and animals. We are supposedly rational beings; however, we do not act that way. Such pessimism, Maslow believed, was the result of Freud’s study of mentally ill people. “The study of crippled, stunted, immature, and unhealthy specimens can yield only a cripple psychology and a cripple philosophy” (Motivation and Personality).
Skinner, on the other hand, studied how pigeons and white rats learn. His motivational models were based on simple rewards such as food and water, sex, and avoidance of pain. Say “sit” to your dog and give the dog a treat when it sits, and-after several repetitions–the dog will sit when you command it to do so. Maslow thought that psychologists should instead study the playfulness, affection, etc., of animals. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs was an alternative to the depressing determinism of Freud and Skinner. He felt that people are basically trustworthy, self-protecting, and self-governing. Humans tend toward growth and love. Although there is a continuous cycle of human wars, murder, deceit, etc., he believed that violence is not what human nature is meant to be like. Violence and other evils occur when human needs are thwarted. In other words, people who are deprived of lower needs such as safety may defend themselves by violent means. He did not believe that humans are violent because they enjoy violence. Or that they lie, cheat, and steal because they enjoy doing it. According to Maslow, there are general types of needs (physiological, safety, love, and esteem) that must be satisfied before a person can act unselfishly.
The Review on Maslow’s theory of needs in individualistic and collectivist cultures Malika Kassymova
1. Abstract Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a motivation theory elaborated by a humanistic psychologist Abraham Maslow in 1943. Maslow’s theory consists of 5 main levels of needs that form a pyramid: Physiological, Safety, Belongingness and Love, Esteem, Self-Actualization (Janet A. Simons, 1987). Even though this theory is most commonly used in individualistic cultures, some findings suggest ...
He called these needs “deficiency needs.” As long as we are motivated to satisfy these cravings, we are moving towards growth, toward self-actualization. Satisfying needs is healthy; locking gratification makes us sick or evil. In other words, we are all “needs junkies” with cravings that must be satisfied and should be satisfied. Else, we become sick. Needs are proponent. A proponent need is one that has the greatest influence over our actions. Everyone has a proponent need, but that need will vary among individuals. A teenager may have a need to feel that a group accepts him. A heroin addict will need to satisfy his/her cravings for heroin to function normally in society, and will not worry about acceptance by other people. According to Maslow, when the deficiency needs are met: At once other (and higher) needs emerge, and these, rather than physiological hungers, dominate the organism. And when these in turn are satisfied, again new (and still higher) needs emerge, and so on. As one desire is satisfied, another pops up to take its place. Physiological needs are the very basic needs such as air, water, food, sleep, sex, etc. When these are not satisfied we may feel sickness, irritation, pain, discomfort, etc.
The Essay on Factors Affecting Group Development
– This is the ability to persuade the group member to change and reflect the leadership style. Authoritarian leaders predominate compliant and dependent members Democrat leaders Persuade more active involvement Environment Physical factors ( space, temperature, seating arrangement) Space/room (location and set up, e.g. Lighting & ventilation, seating arrangement) Emotional factors ( ...
These feelings motivate us to alleviate them as soon as possible to establish homeostasis. Once they are alleviated, we may think about other things. Safety needs have to do with establishing stability and consistency in a chaotic world. These needs are mostly psychological in nature. We need the security of a home and family. However, if a family is dysfunction, i.e., an abusive husband, the wife cannot move to the next level because she is constantly concerned for her safety. Love and belongingness have to wait until she is no longer cringing in fear. Many in our society cry out for law and order because they do not feel safe enough to go for a walk in their neighborhood. Many people, particularly those in the inner cities, unfortunately, are stuck at this level. In addition, safety needs sometimes motivate people to be religious. Religions comfort us with the promise of a safe secure place after we die and leave the insecurity of this world. Love and belongingness are next on the ladder. Humans have a desire to belong to groups: clubs, work groups, religious groups, family, gangs, etc. We need to feel loved (non-sexual) by others, to be accepted by others. Performers appreciate applause.
We need to be needed. Beer commercials, in addition to playing on sex, also often show how beer makes for camaraderie. When was the last time you saw a beer commercial with someone drinking beer alone? There are two types of esteem needs. First is self-esteem, which results from competence or mastery of a task. Second, there’s the attention and recognition that comes from others. This is similar to the belongingness level; however, wanting admiration has to do with the need for power. People who have all of their lower needs satisfied, often drive very expensive cars because doing so raises their level of esteem. “Hey, look what I can afford!” The need for self-actualization is “the desire to become more and more what one is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming.” People who have everything can maximize their potential. They can seek knowledge, peace, esthetic experiences, self-fulfillment, and oneness with God, etc. It is usually middle-class to upper-class students who take up environmental causes, join the Peace Corps, go off to a monastery, etc. On the other hand, Herzberg?s hygiene theory is not as complicated as Maslow. Herzberg’s methods still yield useful results.
The Essay on Cultural Study Theory Snow White
Cultural Studies Theory Cultural criticism is a literary theory, which focuses not only on the historical origin of a piece of literature, but on its obvious social, political, and economic influences as well (Meyer 2034). When the culture or context is studied, the motives or tensions, which drive characters' behaviors, may be accounted for and studied (Crawford). Cultural critics use strategies ...
His use of event descriptions encouraged honest replies, and his insistence on events of extreme feelings ensured that the important factors were mentioned. Respondents did not offer any new event factors that were not in Herzberg’s study 30 years ago. Some old factors, however, were noticeably absent. Salary and working conditions were not mentioned as a satisfier or as a dissatisfier, suggesting that they are not important as motivators or demotivators. Advancement as a satisfier did not appear as well. However, these indications could easily be due to either a small sample or single-company bias. The event factors still split into satisfiers and dissatisfiers, confirming the duality of the Dual Factor Theory. Achievement was still the top motivator, and company policy the largest demotivator. Recognition and responsibility functioned as a satisfier only half as much as in Herzberg’s study. The relationship between factors, attitudes, and effects still held. What was interesting was the impact on performance. When events caused positive attitudes, performance increased in most cases. When events caused negative attitudes, performance decreased in most cases. Although confidentiality could be maintained in this study, using a survey made a poor response rate more likely.
To mitigate this effect, future studies should consider corporate endorsement of the study, a system to trace responses, or a switch to an interview of a limited number of employees. The duration of events was used to eliminate events that never ended. These represented a state of mind more than an event and were not applicable to the analysis. The duration of feelings was to identify those events that were more important as a result of their lasting impact. In general, observed differences from the 1950s data can be explained by sample bias, and the points of agreement support the contention that Herzberg’s motivational theory is alive and well in the 1990s. Herzberg thought it more likely that the truth would emerge when an individual could describe an actual event, especially a memorable one. To answer the second part of the question, Herzberg?s theory didn?t say anything about salaries to motivate performance. I found that in Maslow?s theory, salary would probably be an esteem need. If someone has a higher salary then a fellow worker, they might see the car they drive or house they live in. The lower salary worker would see this and, in turn, be motivated if a raise was promised. So, then he could compete with his fellow worker.
The Term Paper on Factors Affecting Study Habits
The researcher would like to acknowledge with sincere appreciation and deepest gratitude those special people who help to finish this study. The Almighty God, who gives strength, talent, and wisdom and source of life. For without Him, the researcher is useless. To Ms. Vanessa Montenegro, for her patience, understanding and encouragement and whose expertise and knowledge were unselfishly shared. ...
