Objectives
Aim of this experiment is to differentiate between the two major categories of bacteria , gram positive and gram negative. Through this experiment, gram staining skills develop. More understanding the types and morphology of bacteria. Expected experimental result, Escherichia coli (E.coli ) is a gram negative Bacteria">negative gram bacteria which stain pink colour , while Staphylococcus aureus ( S.aureus ) is a positive gram bacteria which stain purple colour.
Materials
Bacteria : Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus aureus
Crystal Violet
Gram’s iodine
Absolute alcohol
Safranin
Methodology
As per manual.
Discussion
Gram staining is a very importance preliminary step to differentiate the bacteria into gram positive and gram negative and also enable the bacteria to be examined using a light microscope . Bacteria are very small unicellular microorganisms. They have cell wall of peptidoglycan can reproduce by binary fission. The functions of cell wall are strength , shape , protect from osmotic lysis . It also protect cell from toxic substances and contributes to their pathogenicity . The gram stain differentiate bacteria by the chemical and physical properties of cell wall. Bacteria which stain purple are called Gram-positive while stained pink colour are called gram negative bacteria. From the results, purple stained are obtained for E.coli and S.aurues . E.coli is a rod shaped bacteria, therefore it described as bacillus. S.aureus has irregular grapelike clusters, therefore is it coccus bacteria. Through this experiment, purple stained obtained for both bacteria, E.coli and S.aureus.
The Essay on Describe the basis of the Gram stain
Introduction Gram staining is a procedure founded by Christian Jacobs Hans Gram in 1883 in Germany. The Gram stain is a technique devised to categorise most bacteria into two sub-categories; gram positive and gram negative, based on the properties of the cell wall. Cell wall The cell wall’s characteristics determine Gram staining. Gram negative bacteria contain an asymmetric bilayer, where the ...
But compared to same experiment carried out by others, E.coli should be pink stained. There might be some human error in this experiment. The error most probably occur at stage of decolourisation of bacteria sample with grams differentiation. Decolourisation step must be performed carefully, as enough amount of decolourisation solvent added and timed on sample correctly. As over-decolourisation will cause crystal violet stain removed from gram negative bacteria and caused gram positive bacteria to appear gram negative. While, under-decolourisation occurs when alcohol does not left enough of time to wash crystal violet-iodine complex from negative gram bacteria, resulting gram negative bacteria appear to form positive gram bacteria. In this case, assuming that not enough of solvent and time left on the sample. Clearly stated that, E.coli is gram negative bacteria (pink stained), S.aurues is gram positive bacteria (purple stained).
In gram staining, when contact with water,crystal violet dissociate into CV+ and Cl- ions. These two ions penetrate through cell wall and cell membrane of both gram positive and negative gram. CV+ ions later interacts with negative charged bacterial components and made the cell stains purple. At stage 2, iodine is used to increase affinity of cell wall for a stain by binding to the crystal violet and formed crystal violet iodine insoluble complex which get trapped in cell wall caused all cells turned purple at this stage. Stage 3 is the crucial part of the experiment. As this stage differentiate bacteria cell into positive and negative grams by using grams differentiator. This solvent dissolve the outer lipid outer membrane of gram negative cell, leaving peptidoglycan exposed and increase porosity of cell wall.
The Essay on Negative Liberty Positive Freedom Coercion
In his essay 'Two Concepts of Liberty,' Isaiah Berlin distinguishes between two conceptions of freedom, namely negative and positive conception of freedom. Basically he defines negative liberty as the absence of coercion. He states: 'To coerce a man is to deprive him of freedom' (121). According to him, coercion is the intention to interfere in the freedom of an individual. Thus, absence of ...
The crystal violet iodine complex washed away and leave the negative gram bacteria colourless. On the other side, grams differentiator has dehydration effect of the cell wall of gram positive bacteria which causes the pores of cell wall shrink. The crystal violet iodine complex tightly bound into multi-layered, staining of bacteria purple. The colourless negative gram bacteria can be visible with positive charged of safranin which stain them pink. For positive gram bacteria remain purple stained because the pink colour masked by purple of crystal violet. Below table summarize all the four stage of gram staining :
Reference
http://amrita.vlab.co.in/?sub=3&brch=73&sim=208&cnt=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_colihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus
