Muckrakers were early twentieth-century reformers whose 1 mission was to look for and uncover political and business corruption. The term muckraker, which referred to the ‘man with a muckrake’ in John Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, was first used in a pejorative sense by Theodore Roosevelt, whose opinion of the muckrakers was that they were biased and overreacting. The movement began about 1902 and died down by 1917. Despite its brief duration, however, it had a significant impact on the political, commercial, and even literary climate of the period. 2 Many popular magazines featured articles whose purpose was 3 to expose corruption. Some of these muckraking periodicals included The Arena, Everybody’s, The Independent, and McClure’s.
Lincoln Steffens, managing editor of McClure’s (and later associate editor of American Magazine and Everybody’s), was an important leader of the muckraking movement. Some of his expos ” es were collected in his 1904 book The Shame of the Cities and in two other volumes, and his 1931 autobiography also discusses the corruption he uncovered and the development of the muckraking movement. Ida Tarbell, another noted muckraker, wrote a number of articles for McClure’s, some of which were gathered in her 1904 book The History of the Standard Oil Company. Muckraking appeared in fiction as well. David Graham Phillips, 4 who began his career as a newspaperman, went on to write muckraking magazine articles and eventually novels about contemporary economic, political, and social problems such as insurance scandals, state and municipal corruption, shady Wall Street dealings, slum life, and women’s emancipation. Perhaps the best-known muckraking novel was Upton Sinclair’s 5 The Jungle, the 1906 expos’e of the Chicago meatpacking industry.
The Essay on Corruption in India 4
CORRUPTION Corruption is defined as the misuse of any power of public consequence for private gain. Corruption is not something new, as per Arthasastra of Kautilya ( around 3rd century B.C) : “Just as it is impossible not to taste the honey(or the poison) that finds itself at the tip of the tongue, so it is impossible for a government servant not to eat up, atleast, a bit of the king’s revenue.” ...
The novel focuses on an immigrant family and sympathetically and realistically describes their struggles with loan sharks and others who take advantage of their innocence. More importantly, Sinclair graphically describes the brutal working conditions of those who find work in the stockyards. Sinclair’s description of the main character’s work in the fertilizer plant is particularly gruesome; at the novel’s end, this man turns to socialism. With the muckrakers featured prominently in fiction, magazines, 6 and newspapers — especially the New York World and the Kansas City Star — some results were forthcoming. Perhaps the most far-reaching was the pure-food legislation of 1906, supposedly a direct result of Roosevelt’s reading of The Jungle. In any case, the muckrakers helped to nourish the growing tradition of social reform in America..
