A Guide to the End of the World pt 2 Of all geological hazards, landslides are perhaps the most underestimated, probably because they are often triggered by some other hazard, such as an earthquake or deluge, and the resulting damage and loss of life is therefore subsumed within the tally of the primary event. Nevertheless, landslides can be highly destructive, both in isolation and in numbers. In 1556, a huge earthquake struck the Chinese province of Shensi, shaking the ground so vigorously that the roofs of countless cave dwellings collapsed, incarcerating (according to Imperial records) over 800, 000 people. In 1970, another quake caused the entire peak of the Nevado’s Huascaran mountain in the Peruvian Andes to fall on the towns below, wiping out 18, 000 people in just four minutes and erasing all signs of their existence from the face of the Earth. Heavy rainfall too can be particularly effective at triggering landslides, and when in 1998 Hurricane Mitch dumped over 30 centimetres of rain on Central America, it mobilized over a million landslides in Honduras alone, blocking roads, burying farmland, and destroying communities. The final – and perhaps greatest – threat to life and limb comes not from within the Earth but from without.
Although the near constant bombardment of our planet by large chunks of space debris ended billennia ago, the threat from asteroids and comets remains real and is treated increasingly seriously. Even as I write, the UK government has announced funding for a new research centre dedicated to the study of the impact threat and its consequences. Recent estimates suggest that around a thousand asteroids with diameters of 1 kilometre or more have orbits around the Sun that cross the Earth’s, making collision possible at some point in the future: 1 kilometre is the impactor diameter threshold for initiating a cosmic winter, due to dust lifted into the stratosphere blocking out solar radiation, for wiping out a quarter or so of the human population, and for causing general mayhem worldwide. The revival of interest in the impact threat has arisen as a result of two important scientific events during the last decade: first, the identification of a large impact crater at Chicxulub, off Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula, which has now been established as the ‘ smoking gun’ responsible, ultimately, for global genocide at the end of the Cretaceous period: second, the eye-opening collisions in 1994 of the fragments of Comet Shoemaker-Levy with Jupiter. Images flashed around the world of resulting impact scars larger than our own planet were disconcerting to say the least and begged the question in many quarters – what if that were the Earth? Natural hazards and us If you were not already aware of the scale of the everyday threat from nature then I hope, by now, to have engendered a healthy respect for the destructive potential of the hazards that many of our fellow inhabitants of planet Earth have to face almost on a daily basis. The reinsurance company Munich Re.
The Essay on The climate of the Earth
The climate of the Earth is always changing. In the past it has altered as a result of natural causes. Nowadays, however, the term climate change is generally used when referring to changes in our climate which have been identified since the early part of the twentieth century. The changes we’ve seen over recent years and those which are predicted over the next 100 years are thought by many ...
, who, for obvious reasons, have a considerable interest in this sort of thing, estimate that up to 15 million people were killed by natural hazards in the last millennium, and over 3. 5 million in the last century alone. At the end of the second millennium AD, the cost to the global economy reached unprecedented levels, and in 1999 storms and floods in Europe, India, and South East Asia, together with severe earthquakes in Turkey and Taiwan and devastating landslides in Venezuela, contributed to a death toll of 75, 000 and economic losses totalling 100 billion US$. The last three decades of the twentieth century each saw a billion or so people suffer due to natural disasters. Unhappily, there is little sign that hazard impacts on society have diminished as a consequence of improvements in forecasting and hazard mitigation, and the outcome of the battle against nature’s dark side remains far from a foregone conclusion. While we now know far more about natural hazards, the mechanisms that drive them, and their sometimes awful consequences, any benefits accruing from this knowledge have been at least partly negated by the increased vulnerability of large sections of the Earth’s population.
The Essay on Hazard Prone Disasters Government Natural
The United States of America experiences a very large number of different natural disasters every year. Most of these natural disasters are expected and all necessary precautions are taken in advance to avoid maximal damage. Some disasters are unexpected; these cause more damage and cost the government more money and casualties. Over the years the natural disasters occurring in the United States ...
This has arisen primarily as a result of the rapid rise in the size of the world’s population, which doubled between 1960 and 2000. The bulk of this rise has occurred in poor developing countries, many of which are particularly susceptible to a whole spectrum of natural hazards. Furthermore, the struggle for Lebensraum has ensured that marginal land, such as steep hillsides, flood plains, and coastal zones, has become increasingly utilized for farming and habitation. Such terrains are clearly high risk and can expect to succumb on a more frequent basis to, respectively, landsliding, flooding, storm surges, and tsunamis. Another major factor in raising vulnerability in recent years has been the move towards urbanization in the most hazard-prone regions of the developing world. Within just a few years, and for the first time ever, more people will live in urban environments than in the countryside, many crammed into poorly sited and badly constructed mega cities with populations in excess of 8 million people.
Forty years ago New York and London topped the league table of cities, with populations, respectively, of 12 and 8. 7 million. In 2015, however, cities such as Mumbai (formerly Bombay, India), Dhaka (Bangladesh), Karachi (Pakistan), and Mexico City will be firmly ensconced in the top ten: gigantic sprawling agglomerations of humanity with populations approaching or exceeding 20 million, and extremely vulnerable to storm, flood, and quake. A staggering 96 per cent of all deaths arising from natural hazards and environmental degradation occur in developing countries and there is currently no prospect of this falling. Indeed, the picture looks as if it might well deteriorate even further.
The Term Paper on Growth Rate Indonesia Population Year
Indonesia is located across the equator and stretch from Sumatra in the west to Iranian Jaya in the east, or from Sabang to Merauke (Dari Sabang Ke Merauke). Its geographic coordinates are 5 00 S, 120 00 E. The total area is 1, 919, 440 sq km. But interestingly only 20% consists of land, the rest is water.The number of islands in the Indonesian archipelago is disputed, but a commonly cited figure ...
With so many people shoehorned into ramshackle and dangerously exposed cities it can only be a matter of time before we see the first of a series of true mega disasters, with death tolls exceeding one million. The picture I have painted is certainly bleak, but the reality may be even worse. Future rises in population and vulnerability will take place against a background of dramatic climate change, the like of which the planet has not experienced for maybe 10, 000 years. The jury remains out on the precise hazard implications of the rapid warming expected over the next hundred years, but rises in sea level that may exceed 80 centimetres are forecast in the most recent (2001) report of the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change).
This will certainly increase the incidence and impact of storm surges and tsunamis and – in places – raise the level of coastal erosion. Other consequences of a temperature rise that could reach 6 degrees Celsius by the end of the century may include more extreme meteorological events such as hurricanes, tornadoes, and floods, greater numbers of landslides in mountainous terrain, and, eventually, even more volcanic eruptions.
So is the world as we know it about to end and, if so, how? A century from now will we be gasping for water in an increasingly roasting world or huddling around a few burning sticks, struggling to keep at bay the bitter cold of a cosmic winter?
