1. The nuclear envelope is a double membrane extension of the rough endoplasmic reticulum containing many nuclear pore complexes. The lipid bilayer of the inner nuclear membrane is supported by the nuclear lamina, a mesh work of lamin filament located adjacent to the inside face of the nuclear envelope. (Lodish et al 1997) The lamina is proposed to be involved in both organizing chromatin and in DNA replication in interphase cells (Gerace and Burke, 1988).
Localization and isolation of nuclear lamina done by Nancy Dwyer and Gunter Blobel that nuclear lamina is indeed associated to fractional equivalent of a peripheral layer beneath the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope.
Lamin was not attributed to residual Dnase resistant heterochromatin, there was no DNA nor histone proteins observed in chromatographic assays of the membrane-nuclear-pore-lamin layers. (Blobel and Dwyer, 1976).
In addition, utilizing electron microscopy, membrane portions cut perpendicular to the nuclear membrane surface have shown that the nuclear lamina layer is sub membranous as opposed to intra membranous. Nuclear lamin is a type of intermediate filament protein which are divided into two major subgroups.
One subgroup contains NL-A and NL-C which are soluble’ during cell division, whereas the other contains NL-B proteins which remain associated with lipid vesicles during mitosis (N igg 1992 as cited in Goldman et al 1992).
How can one devise / design and experiment which determines the intracellular route (pathway) by which nuclear laminin is targeted to the inner face of the nuclear membrane Nuclear lamin like all nuclear proteins are constructs including sequences encoding for a nuclear localization signal sequence (NLS).
The Essay on How Is a Cell’s Membrane Suited to Its Functions?
Each phospholipid is composed of a non-polar (hydrophobic) region of two fatty acids pointing inwards and a polar (hydrophilic) phosphorylated alcohol head region pointing outwards on the exterior of the membrane. Connecting the phosphorylated alcohol and both fatty acids is a 3-carbon compound called glycerol. Since there is both a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic region of each phospholipid, then ...
First in order to determine whether or not lamins are indeed localized in the nucleus, it can be ascertained by modifying or deleting the NLS to insure whether or not lamin assembly in the nuclear was obtained. This can b obtained by cloning lamin B from whole ovary mRNA by RT-PCR. Afterwards creating mutants using PCR, and then sub-cloning the relevant sequences into pGE X-4 T-3. (Ellis et al).
These mutants are immuno labelled using fluorescein or maybe gold-conjugated anti-lamin antibodies. The lamins are then added to egg extracts prior to sperm pronuclear assembly. Observations should show that these mutated lamins fail to polymerize within the nuclear membrane. These experiments are conducted with a control lamin which should support nuclear lamina assembly. Lamin incorporation during the interphase stage of the cell cycle can also be observed. Recent experiments have traced the pathway of incorporation of microinjected lamin A into the Nuclear Envelope.
By obtaining human NL-A through the expression of the appropriate cDNA and then immuno labelling them through biotinylation followed by micro injecting the lamins in the cytosol of 3 T 3 cells, antibiotic and then anti lamin antibodies conjugated with flourescein were used to detect where staining occurred. These cells were contrasted with cells not microinjected and just labelled with flourescein conjugated anti-lamins to show that the microinjected lamins are indeed incorporated into the same area with the same ability to integrate within the nuclear lamina network. Observations also show that the nuclear lamin network in mouse 3 T 3 cells are capable of incorporating new NL into its constituent polymeric structure during interphase (Goldman et al 1992).
Following the above experiments, it can be observed that lamins are targeted to the nucleus and the inner membrane layer of the nuclear envelope. How can it be shown that the targetted lamins are indeed incorporated to the inner face of the inner layer of the nucleus An experiment using a cell-free nuclear assembly extract derived from Xenopus eggs show that three components are needed for successful nuclear envelope formation. These three components consist of membranes, nuclear pores and a nuclear lamina.
The Term Paper on Structure And Function Of Eukaryotic Cell Organelles
Nearly all animal cells have a nucleus, with the only exception being the red blood cell. The nucleus has two major functions, which are housing the DNA and controlling the cell’s activities. In the centre of the nucleus is the nucleolus. This doesn’t have a membrane, but holds itself together. In the nucleolus, ribosomes are created through the mixture of RNA and proteins. These proteins are ...
By taking fractionated nuclear extracts and adding them to a soluble solution containing sperm chromatin, metaphase chromosome, or DNA, intact nuclear envelopes begin to form. Addition of lamins to nuclear membrane components without chromatin do not initiate nuclear envelope formation, neither does lamin addition to chromatin alone. By depleting the lamin content in a cell free system does not prevent nuclear envelope formation but severely handicaps both its size and ability to replicate DNA. This was observed by monitoring the rate of incorporation of radiolabeled d CTP into DNA assembled int o nuclei. By blocking nuclear protein transport using lectin WGA it is shown through immunoflourescence that a protein lamin layer is not formed within the nucleus although nuclear envelope formation (including nuclear pores) is not blocked. By counteracting the effect of WGA, lamin polymerization in the nucleus can is then restored.
The results show that lamin incorporation may not occur until an intact, actively transporting nuclear envelope has formed around chromatin (Newport et al 1990).
The results show that a receptor, like a lamin B receptor proposed to be located in the inner nuclear membrane and an intact nuclear envelope capable of selective nuclear transport surrounding chromatin are needed for lamin assembly showing that lamin are targetted to the nucleus and specifically to the inner face of the nuclear membrane. 1. Blobel, G. , Dwyer, N. , A Modified procedure for the isolation of a pore complex-lamina fraction from Rat Liver nuclei.
The Term Paper on The Different Types of Cells
There are three major parts of a cell-- the nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane, if these are stained appropriately, they can be easily seen under a light microscope. The nucleus (in many cell types) is the innermost and is enclosed by a thin membrane. The nucleus contains the genetic material which directs the cells function. The cytoplasm includes specialized structures called cytoplasmic ...
J. Cell Biology. Vol 70, 1976 581-591. 2. Burke, B. , Gerace, L.
, Cell free system to study reassembly of the nuclear envelope at the end of mitosis. Cell Vol 44 February 28, 1986 639-652. 3. Ellis, D.
J. , Jenkins, H. , Hutchison, C. J. , Whitfield, W. G.
, GST-lamin fusion proteins act as dominant negative mutants in Xenopus egg extract and reveal the function of the lamina in DNA replication. J. Cell Science. Vol 110 October 7, 1997, 2507-2518. 4. Goldman, R.
D. , Goldman, J. E. , Moir, R. D. , Montag-Low, M.
, Stewart, M. Pathway of Incorporation of Microinjected Lamin A into the Nuclear Envelope. J. Cell Biology, Vol 119, Number 4, November 1992, 725-734. 5. Lodish, H, Baltimore, D, Berk, A, Matsuda ira, P, Darnell, J, Zipursky, L.
, Molecular Cell Biology, New York: Scientific American Books, 1997. 6. Newport, J. W. , Dunphy, W. , G.
, Wilson, K. L. A Lamin-independent Pathway for Nuclear Envelope Assembly. , J. Cell Biology, Vol 111, 2247-2259.
