ORGAN SYSTEMS
Integumentary
A. Functions
1. protect underlying tissues from injury
2. prevent excessive loss or absorption of water and the consequent effect on tissues
3. aid excretion and absorption of specific metabolites and ions
4. almost all sense organs are derived in part from the integument
B. Components
skin: composed of epidermis above and the dermis below as well as the derivatives of these two layers (e.g., scales, hair, feathers)
Skeletal
A. Functions
1. provide a framework for all body sustems
2. provide attachments for muscules, tendons, and fascia
3. enclose and protect vital organs
4. serve as a reserve storehouse for minerals
B. Components
1. bones, cartilage and ligaments divided into the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, ribs) and the appendicular skeleton (pectoral and pelvic girdles, limbs)
Muscular
A. Functions
1. movement of body and parts
2. maintenance of posture
3. internal transport and expulsion (movement of food through digestive tract, blood through vessels, germ cells through reproductive tract, bile from gallbladder, urine from kidneys, feces from alimentary canal)
4. homeostatic adjustments such as size of opening of the pupil of the eye, the pylorus, the anus, and blood vessels; heat production in some vertebrates
The Research paper on Organ Donation 5
... for the news may be confused when they learn that organ functions are being artificially maintained. When a request for donation ... -support systems were removed, all bodily functions would cease. Only at this point does organ donation become a possibility (Perry). For ... point where all bodily functions would cease if artificial life-support systems were removed, does organ donation become an option. ...
B. Components
1. smooth (nonstriated) muscles of involuntary control found primarily in wall of digestive tract, genital ducts, and blood vessels
2. cardiac muscle of involuntary control restricted to the heart
3. striated muscles generally under voluntary control found attached to the skeleton so intimately that the name “musculoskeletal system” is often applied; tendons (the connective tissue bands that bind striated muscle to bone)
Digestive
A. Functions
1. capture and physical/chemical disintegration of food
2. absorption, detoxification, alteration, storage, and controlled release of the products of digestion and metabolism
B. Components
1. alimentary canal: mouth and oral cavity with associated teeth, tongue, and jaws; pharynx (associated intimately with the respiratory system); esophagus, stomach. intestine (divided and specialized in various ways)
2. accessary glands: salivary, liver, pancreas
Circulatory
A. Functions
1. transport of materials to and from cells
2. transport, formation, and storage of blood cells for oxygen transport, defense, and immunogenic functions
3. drain fluids from between cells and return it to the regular circulatory system from which it leaked
B. Components
1. heart, arteries (from the heart to the tissues), arterioles (small arteries), capillaries (extremely small vessels connecting arterioles and venules), venules (small veins), veins (from tissues to the heart
2. spleen (and other sites in various vertebrates, but always intimately associated with the digestive tract and/or skeletal system)
3. lymphatic system
Respiratory
A. Functions
1. exchange of gases (primarily intake of oxygen and discharge of carbon dioxide) between the organism and its environment (water or air)
2. various accessary functions from production of sound to nest building
B. Components
1. lungs, gills, and/or skin, depending on which groups of vertebrates are under discussion; lungs and gills are derived from and intimately connected with the pharyngeal region of the digestive system
The Essay on Sickle Cell Blood Disease Cells
"Sickle-cell anemia" Sickle-cell anemia is an inherited disease, in which the red blood cells become crescent shaped. As a result it functions abnormally, and causes small blood clots. Sickle-cell anemia is caused by a genetic, or defective gene that produces an abnormal form of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin distorts red blood cells after they release oxygen in the tissue. Someone who inherits hemoglobin ...
Excretory
A. Functions
1. chemical, and to a lesser extent physical, homeostasis (maintenance of a constant internal environment) by (a) excreting toxic and metabolic waste products, especially those containing nitrogen; (b) maintaining proper water balance; (c) maintaining proper concentration of salts and other substances in the blood; (d) maintaining proper acid-base equilibrium in body fluids
B. Components
1. kidneys and excretory ducts variously aided by the gills, lungs, skin, and/or intestines.
2. the mode of development and use of common ducts makes this and the reproductive system inseparable morphologically so that the two are often referred to as the urogenital system.
Reproductive
A. Functions
1. formation of zygotes by the union of two gametes to produce new individuals of the same biological species
B. Components
1. primary sex organs in the form of male (testes) or female (ovaries) gonads
2. secondary sex organs concerned with transport of gametes from their site of formation to their site of union
3. accessary sex organs assuring union of gametes, such as glands and external genitalia
Endocrine
A. Functions
1. regulation and correlation/integration of body activities through chemical substances (hormones) carried by the blood.
2. as opposed to the method of action of the nervous system, the endocrine system is slower acting, being limited by the rate of blood flow, but it is capable of long, continuous action.
B. Components
1. a large number of cell types discharge secretions that have regulatory effects on other cells. In more primitive vertebrates, these cells tend to be widely scattered in other tissues. More advanced vertebrates have discrete aggregations of these cells to form endocrine glands.
The Essay on Cell Structure And Function 2
On your own and without assistance, complete this Lab 3 Answer Form electronically and submit it via the Assignments Folder by the date listed on your Course Schedule (under Syllabus). To conduct your laboratory exercises, use the Laboratory Manual that is available in the WebTycho classroom (Reserved Reading or provided by your instructor) or at the eScience Labs Student Portal. Laboratory ...
Nervous
A. Functions
1. regulation and correlation/integration of body activities through conduction within and between individual cells or neurons, which eventually cause a response in some other system (especially muscular contractions). The nervous system is fast acting; conduction may be faster than 90 meters per second.
B. Components
1. Central nervous system (CNS): brain, spinal cord
2. Peripheral nervous system (PNS): craniospinal nerves, which exit from the protective skeletal sheath of the cranium and vertebrae and may be either of a voluntary nature (to striated muscles) or involuntary (to smooth muscles); nerves of the latter type are often referred to collectively as the autonomic nervous system. Sensory nerves from either complex sense organs (e.g., eye, ear) or simple receptors (e.g., cutaneous sensory nerves) enter the CNS via the craniospinal nerves
Nervous System Circulatory System Digestive System
Endocrine System Integumentary System Muscular System
Respiratory System Urinary System Skeletal System
Reproductive System
MALE FEMALE
